MODULE 1
Concepts and terminology for describing language
描述语言的术语及概念
GRAMMAR 语法
Active voice 主动语态
passive voice. 被动语态
Adjective 形容词
comparative adjective 形容词比较级
demonstrative adjective 指代形容词
possessive adjective 所有格形容词 （代词所有格）
A superlative adjective 形容词最高级
Adverb 副词
Auxiliary verb: 助动词
Article 冠词
An article can be definite (the), indefinite (a) or zero (-), e.g. I was at (-) home in the sitting room when I heard a noise.
Aspect
A way of looking at verb forms not purely in relation to time. The perfect, continuous and simple are aspects. The continuous aspect, for example, suggests that something is happening temporarily.
Base form of the verb: 动词基本形式
Clause 从句
A clause consists of a verb and (generally) a subject. A clause can be a full sentence or a part of a sentence.
Main clause 主句
When the teacher arrived, the students stopped talking.
Subordinate clause 从句
When the teacher arrived, the students stopped talking.
Relative clause 定语从句
The students who were sitting near the front stood up.
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© UCLES Cambridge ESOL 2005 2
Collective noun: 集合名词
Compound noun: 复合名词
Conditional 条件句
First conditional, 第一条件句
Second conditional, 第二条件句
Third conditional . 第三条件句
Conjunction 连词
A conjunction (or connector) is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences, e.g. I like tea but I don’t like coffee because it’s too strong for me.
Connector: 连词
Countable noun: 可数名词
Demonstrative adjective: 指示形容词.
Demonstrative pronoun: 指示代词.
Dependent preposition: 非独立介词
Determiner 限定词
A determiner is used to make clear which noun is referred to, or to give information about quantity, and includes words such as the, a, this, that, my, some, e.g. That car is mine.
Direct speech 直接引语
The actual words someone says, e.g. He said, ‘My name is Ron.’
First conditional: see conditional forms.
Gerund, -ing form 动名词形式
A noun which is made from the present participle form of a verb, e.g. I hate shopping.
Grammatical structure 语法结构
The arrangement of words into meaningful sentences. A grammatical structure is also a grammatical language item, e.g. present perfect simple.
Imperative 祈使句
The form of a verb that gives an order or instruction, e.g. Turn to page 10.
Indirect question
The words someone uses when they are telling someone what somebody else asked, e.g. Peter asked Sue what she meant.
An indirect question can also be used when someone wants to ask something in a more polite way, e.g. ‘I was wondering if you could help me’ (indirect question) instead of ‘Could you help me?’ (direct question).
See direct question.
Indirect speech: see reported statement. 间接引语
Infinitive: see verb. 不定式
Infinitive of purpose 表示目的的不定式
This is used to express why something is done, e.g. I went to the lesson to learn English.
-ing/-ed adjective: see adjective. 形容词加ing或ed形式
Intensifier 加强语气的词汇
A word used to make the meaning of another word stronger, e.g. He’s much taller than his brother; I’m very tired.
Interrogative 疑问句
A question form.
Irregular verb: see verb. 不规则动词
Main clause: see clause.主句
Modal verb: see verb. 情态动词
Noun 名词
A person, place or thing, e.g. elephant, girl, grass, school.
A collective noun is a noun which includes a group of people or things, e.g. the police, the government. 集合名词
A compound noun is a combination of two or more words which are used as a single word, e.g. a flower 复合名词
shop, a headache.
A countable noun has a singular and plural form, e.g. book
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常用词语辨析
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