不定代词和动词不定式⽤法⼩结
不定代词的⽤法
1.代替或修饰不特指的⼈或事物的代词叫不定代词
2.some与any的区别
1）some多⽤于肯定句，表⽰“⼀些，⼏个”，可修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式。any 多⽤于疑问句、条件句和否定句中，表⽰“⼀些”，可修饰不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式
2）在反问句、疑问句中，表⽰请求、建议和希望对⽅得到肯定回答时，多⽤some.
Would you like some beer？你要不要来点啤酒吗？
Why didn’t you buy some sweets？你怎么没买点糖果？
3）any ⽤于肯定句时，表⽰是“任何的”
Come any day you like.你哪天来都⾏。
3）some还有表⽰“某个”的意思
I’ll catch up with you some day有⼀天我会赶上你的。
3.复合不定代词：something(某事), someone(某⼈), somebody(某⼈), anything(任何事), anyone(任何⼈), anybody(任何⼈), nothing(没事),nobody(没有⼈), no one(没有⼈), everything(⼀切), everyone(每个⼈), everybody(每个⼈).
A：作主语时，谓语动词⽤单数。Is there anything wrong with your watch?”“No, nothing is wrong with it
B：修饰复合不定代词的形容词或不定式⼀定要位于它们的后⾯。
This is something special. 这是种特别的东西。
Haven’t you got anything to do? 你⽆事可⼲吗？
C：⼀般来说，当主语是指⼈的复合代词，如everybody, nobody, anybody 等时，其反意疑问句后⾯的主语通常⽤代词they；当前⾯句⼦中的复合代词指物，如everything, something, anything, nothing 等时，其反意疑问句后⾯的主语通常⽤代词it。如：Everyone is here, aren’t they? ⼈都到了，是吗？
Everything is ready, isn’t it? ⼀切准备好了，是吗？
Somebody is waiting for me at the gate, aren’t they? 有⼈在门⼝等我，是吗？
3.few, a few, little, a little在⽤法上的区别
1）few、little意思是“很少⼏个”、“⼏乎没有”，有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有⼏个”、“有些”，有肯定的意思；few、a few 修饰可数名词或代替可数的事物, little、a little修饰不可数名词连⽤或代替不可数的事物。
He is very poor and he has little money. 他很穷,⼏乎没有什么钱
Don’t worry. There is st ill a little time left. 别着急，还有⼀点⼉时间呢
In that polar region there live few people. 在那个极地地区⼏乎不住⼈
You can get a few sweets from him. 你可以从他那⼉弄到⼀些糖果
2）a little和little也可以⽤作副词，a little表⽰“有点，稍微”，little表⽰“很少”。
I'm a little hungry.
Let him sleep a little.
3）quite a few (相当多)only a few (只有⼏个，⼏乎没有)
4、all和both, either的⽤法
1）all 指三者或三者以上的⼈或物,⽤来代替或修饰可数名词或不可数名词。both指两个⼈或物,⽤来代替或修饰可数名词
All the food is delicious.所有的⾷物都很好吃。
Her parents are both doctors.她⽗母都是医⽣
2)all单独使⽤时，指代单数，如做主语，谓语动词⽤单数；指代复数，谓语动词⽤复数3）采⽤“all/both + of the +名词”的形式，其中的of 可以省略；如果“all/both + of the +代词”则不可以省略
All (of) the boys are naughty.
Both of them are studying at the same school
4) either:：表⽰“两个中间的任何⼀个”，做主语，谓语动词⽤单数，
“”表⽰或者……或者……在连接并列的名词或代词时，谓语动词与or后⾯的主语保持⼀致
either作为“也”讲时，要⽤于否定句中，⽽too则⽤于肯定句中。
Either you or I am right.
Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明
He doesn't like Beijing opera, I don't like either.
5、many和much的⽤法
1）many意思是“很多”，与可数名词复数连⽤；much意思是“很多”，与不可数名词连⽤。
I don’t have many friends here .在这⾥我没有很多的朋友。
Many died in the bus accident. 许多⼈在公交车祸中丧失
2）many和much⼀般⽤于否定句，肯定句中通常⽤a lot of 或者lots of; many / much⽤于肯定句时可以在前⾯加上so、very或too.
There are a lot of people on the playground. 操场上有许多的⼈
They haven’t got much work to do.他们没有多少事情可做
There are too many people in the room. 房间⾥⼈太多了
6. other，others，the other，the others，another
someday是什么意思other：表⽰“其他的”，形容词，后⾯修饰名词的复数形式。如：
Some students are playing basketball, other students are playing tennis..
others ：表⽰“其他的”，代词，相当于other +名词，常和some搭配使⽤。如： Some students are playing football, others are playing basketball.(others=other students) the other：表⽰两个⼈或物中的⼀个，代词，常与one 连⽤。如：
There are two apples. One is green, the other is red.
the others：表⽰范围内的另⼀些（范围总数通常多于两个个），代词
There are 40 students in our class, three are American, the others are Chinese. another：表⽰三者或三者以上的另⼀个，形容词或代词，后常接名词单数。如：
I have eaten an apple, but I still want another(apple)
I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker.
我有个⼥⼉。⼀个是护⼠，另⼀个是教师，还有⼀个是⼯⼈。
7. neither, none
neither：A：表⽰否定，“两者都不”，谓语动词⽤单数。
B：.既不……也不……在连接并列的名词或代词时，谓语动词与nor 后⾯的主语保持⼀致。
Neither of his parents helps him 他的⽗母谁也没帮助他。
Neither the twins nor I am interested English
none A：表⽰三个或三个以上的“都不”，谓语动词可以⽤单数，也可以⽤复数。
None of the answers are\is right. 所有的答案都不对。
None of my friends are/is likely to come
B：由How many提问的句⼦的否定回答中的简略语是None.如：How many books are
there? None.
由who提问的句⼦的否定回答中的简略说法是no one. 如：Who won the game?—No one. 8．one与ones
one只能替代单数名词，one的复数形式ones只能替代复数名词。
1. it代替前⾯提到的同⼀事物，该事物既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。
The news that they failed their driving test discouraged him, ______?
A. did they
B. didn't they
C. did it
D. didn't it
2. one代替前⾯提到的同类事物中的⼀个。该事物只能是可数名词，前⾯可以有冠词，也可以被this、that或形容词修饰，其后也可以有定语。
-Why don't we have a little break?
-Didn't we just have________?
A. it
B. that
C. one
D. this
3. that代替前⾯提到的同类事物中特指的⼀个。该事物既可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词，要有后置定语，但不可以有前置修饰语。
Few pleasures can equal ________ of a cool drink on a hot day.
A. some
B. any
C. that
D. those
My child doesn”t like this book．Show her a more interesting one
9. every和each⽤法：
A：each可作代词和形容词，⽽every只能⽤作形容词。
Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.
B：each可指两个或两个以上中间的每⼀个，⽽every只可指三个或三个以上中间的每⼀个。There are trees on each side of the street.
动词不定式⽤法⼩结
动词不定式是⼀种⾮谓语动词形式，其结构为“to＋动词原形”，其中to不是介词，⽽是动词不定式的符号，称为⼩品词，动词
不定式没有⼈称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后⾯的名词等构成不定式短语，在句⼦中可以⽤作主语、表语、宾语、补⾜语、定语、状语等。1. 动词不定在句中的语法功能
(1)动词不定式（短语）作主语To love is to be loved. 爱别⼈就是被⼈爱。To teach is to give. 教书就是奉献。
注意：
1）在⼝语中，动词不定式作主语时常⽤形式主语it，⽽真正的主语则被置于句⼦后部。
It always pays to be honest. ⽼实不吃亏。It is of great importance to solve the housing problem. 解决住房问题是很重要的。It will take me three hours to do this job. ⼲这个⼯作我花了三个⼩时。
2）假如动词不定式要带逻辑主语，则需⽤介词of 或for来引导。
It is really important for students to learn English well. 对学⽣们来说，学好英语很重要。。
It is stupid of John to help such a shameless girl. 约翰真傻，竟去帮助这样⼀个⽆耻的⼥孩。能⽤于介词of结构的形容词有：good, nice, kind, bad, cruel, wicked, clever, bright, wise, silly, foolish, stupid, selfless, sensible, selfish, insensible, polite, fair, generous, rude, unfair, mean等。这些形容词主要表⽰做这件事的⼈的品格或素质。
能⽤于介词for 结构的形容词有：important, necessary, impossible, better, worse, easy, difficult heavy, light等。
3）在疑问句或感叹句中, 要⽤it来作主语.
Is it worth our while to hold such a long meeting? 值得我们开这样长时间的会吗?
What good news it is for me to hear that my brother has got his visa (['viz?] n.签证) to America！对我来说, 听到弟弟拿到去美国的签证该是多好的消息啊!
(2) 动词不定式（短语）作宾语
I will leave it to you to make the final decision. 我将由你来做最后的决定。
She decided to quit her job at last. 最后，她决定辞职。I hope to see you soon. 我希望很快见到你。
注意：1）在以下这些动词后⾯只能跟动词不定式（短语）作宾语：afford, agree, aim, ask, claim, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, threaten, wish, want等。然⽽以下动词后⾯既可跟动词不定式（短语）⼜可跟动名词（短语），但意思有的有差别，有的相同：attempt, begin, continue, deserve, disdain([d?s'dein]vt.不屑), dread, endure, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, neglect,
omit([?u'mit]vt.遗漏；省略；删去), prefer, proceed([pr?'si:d]开始，着⼿，出发[+to-v]), propose,regret,remember,start,begin,try,want 等。
He disdains going to the cinema. 他不屑于去看电影。He disdains to sit with people like us. 他不屑与我们这等⼈同席⽽坐。He neglected to write and say 'Thank you.' 他因疏忽⽽未写信道谢。
Don't neglect writing to your mother. 别忘了给你母亲写信。
2）在should (would) like, love, prefer 等之后必须⽤动词不定式（短语）。
I'd like to give you a big hand. 我想⽤掌声欢迎您。I'd love to come to China again someday 我愿意来⽇再访中国。
3）在下列及物动词后⼀般可跟"疑问词+ 动词不定式短语"：
advise, ask, decide, find out, instruct, know, forget, imagine, learn, observe, remember, tell, think, understand, wonder等。
I don't know what to do. 我不知道该怎么办。The children are learning how to play the game. 孩⼦们在学做游戏。
(3)动词不定式（短语）作表语
The most important thing for the United states to do now is to rescue the wounded. 现在，对美国来说，最重要的是抢救伤员。
注意：1）动词不定式（短语）作表语，可⽤主动形式表⽰被动含义的结构有to blame, to let. Who is to blame? 谁该受到责备？The house is to let. 该房屋出租。Suspects are still to find out. 凶⼿还有待查明。
2）be to 含有按计划，按排命令将做的事或应该，可能，注定将发⽣的事。
We are to meet once a week. 我们按计划将⼀个⽉碰⼀次头。（安排）
When is the examination to be held? 考试按规定什么时候举⾏？（计划或规定）
You are to come at once.你得按指令马上来。（命令）What is to be done? 应该怎么办？（应该）
The key is nowhere to be found. 哪⼉也不到钥匙。（可能）
Am I never to see her again? 难道我就永远见不到她了吗？（注定）
(4) 动词不定式（短语）作宾语补⾜语或在被动语态中作主语补⾜语
宾语与其宾补或主语与其主补形成逻辑上的主谓关系。
We'd love you to give us a hand. 我们想让你帮个忙。He was made to repair the broken chair. 要他修理弄坏的椅⼦。
She was seen to draw a wonderful picture. 有⼈见她作了幅美丽的画⼉。
注意：
1）在⼀些动词后，⽤作宾语补语的动词不定式符号to 要省略掉。这类动词包括感官动词以及使役动词，如feel, spot, look at, listen to, observe, see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let 等。但如果句⼦为被动语态，动词不定式（短语）为主补时，要带to（let 除外）。
I heard her sing a song in the next room yesterday. 我昨天听见她在隔壁唱过⼀⾸歌。
（She was heard to sing a song in the next room yesterday.）
I had John fix my bike. 我让约翰修理我的⾃⾏车。The boy was made to go to bed early. 这男孩被迫早上床睡觉。
She was seen to walk into the classroom with a book under her arm. 有⼈看见她胳臂下夹着⼀本书⾛进了教室。
2）有些动词后⾯的宾语补语常是to be，这样的动词有：believe,consider,declare,find,imagine,know,prove,suppose, understand等。
I will consider him to be an honest man. 我会认为他是⼀个诚实的⼈。She was believed to be innocent. ⼤家都相信她是清⽩的。
3）下列动词后不能跟"名词或代词+动词不定式"结构admit, confess, demand, explain, hope, propose, suggest 等。
My mother suggested that we (should) finish our homework before watching TV. 妈妈建议我们做完作业后才看电视。
(不能说My mother suggested us to finish our homework before watching TV)
I hoped that the bus would come early. 我希望公共汽车能快点来。(不能说I hoped the bus to come early. 但可以说I hope for the bus to come early. 类似结构有wait for sb. to do；arrange for sb. to do 等)
(5)动词不定式（短语）作定语：动词不定式（短语）作定语需后置。与所修饰的词有主谓或动宾关系。
When the question was out, he was the first one to raise his hand. 问题⼀提出，他第⼀个举起⼿。
This terrorist attack is a lesson to remember. 这次事件是个应该记取的教训。
I am afraid I cannot attend your party,for I have too many things to do.恐怕我不能参加你的晚会了，因为我有好多事情要做。
注意：
1）当被修饰的是不定代词如everything, anything, much, little 等，或被修饰的名词前被形容词最⾼级，序数词，the only等强调结构修饰时，⾮谓语动词作定语则只能⽤动词不定式。He was the last to realize the importance of this problem. 他没有及时意识到问题的重要性。2）如被修饰的名词或代词是动词不定式的逻辑宾语，且动词不定式的动词是不及物动词，则后⾯需跟成为搭配的介词。
Who is the man to talk to? 要谈话的⼈是谁？He is a tough teacher to deal with. 他是个很难对付的⽼师。
I need a pen to write with. 我需要⼀⽀笔写字
(6) 动词不定式（短语）作状语
动词不定式（短语）作状语可以表⽰⽬的，结果，原因等。

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