简答
1.英国宪法的特征：
• Constitutional monarchy: The United Kingdom remains a monarchy, but one with limited power
• Parliamentary sovereignty: Parliamentary authority in the UK is unlimited. It can make or unmake law on any subject.
• Representative democracy: People are entitled to voting rights.
• The rule of law: As a fundamental principle, people are subject to law, but not to the arbitrary will of governors.
2.下议院（The House of Commons)的三个作用：
• Draft new laws. The House of Commons has primacy over the House of Lords, especially in the ratification of “money bills” which dictate taxation and public expenditure.
• Scrutinize, criticize and restrain the actions of the government. Can force a government to resign by passing a Motion of No Confidence
monarchy
• Supervise finance. Checks the government Estimates and Budget. The government cannot legally spend any money without permission from the House of Commons.
• Influence future government policy.
• When legislation is initiated by the cabinet in the form of a public bill, it is given three separate
readings.
• If passed on the third reading, the bill is sent to the House of Lords, where it goes through the same procedure.
• If passed by the second house, the bill is sent to the monarch for the ceremonial formality of royal assent before becoming law.
3.百年战争的简单介绍：
直接原因：The war was directly caused by the dispute over succession to the French throne.
正式爆发：In 1337, Edward III landed in Normandy with an English army. The war broke out.
经过：• During the initial stage of the war, the English were on the offensive and won great victories.In 1377，the English had lost the territory again，the war stopped.In 1415 Henry V renewed the war and won crushingVictories ,The war was turned after the death of Henry V in 1422.In 1429 French defeated the English army
结果： French successes， the war ended in 1453
影响：1.Blessing for both countries.2.the ruling Normans began to regard England as their home country and think of themselves as belonging to the English nation.3.The bi-linguistic period in English history came to an end.4.The war reduced Britain’s export of wool.5.Sped
up the decline of feudalism in England.6.The change pushed the growing bourgeoisie onto a higher rung of the social ladder.
4.大宪章（The Great Charter)的意义;
It is as important to the English people as the Declaration of Independence to the Americans. It has been regarded as “the corner stone”of English history.
It laid the basis for the development of constitutional government and legal ideas in England.
It paved the way for the new-born bourgeoisie to get political power because it granted more power to the Great Council which was the embryonic form of the English Parliament.
5.工业革命的结果：
(1)Industrial productivity increased dramatically: “workshop of the world”
(2)The most advanced industrial country and financial center in the world.
(3)Mass urbanization, urban population was half of the whole population in Britain.
(4)Improvement of education: before: Oxford & Cambridge.
(5)Simplified the class structure. Before: nobility, the lesser nobility, middle class, proletariat, peasantry.--capitalist (middle) class dominant position + Proletariat
6.简单介绍三环外交（Three Majestic Circle）:
It is the British foreign policy which put forward by the former British prime minister Winston Churchill after the second world war.
1st circle: the Commonwealth-- Africa, Asia and Canada Conflicts between members with different interests
2nd circle: U.S.A. Same concerns regarding Soviet Union
3rd circle: Western Europe Isolationist policy: refused to join EEC
7.美国宪法的两个特点：
Separation of powers
Divided the government into three independent branches: The legislative, The executive, The Judicial。Checks and Balances the power of any branch of government to prevent one official or branch from becoming too powerful.
Specified Power
Central government and state government state allowed to run their own governments
8.美国内战如何影响美国经济：
Impact on the U.S. economy:
1, Labour: due to the abolition of the black slaves, the black can freely employed, makes American capitalism industry and commerce to obtain sufficient and cheap labor. 
2, raw materials and market: the war, the southern plantation slave owners tend to be more reluctant to cotton, indigo, sugar cane and other industrial raw materials to the UK and other European countries, in return for a high price, at the same time to buy cheap manufactured goods from European countries. This makes the north lost south of raw materials and industrial markets. - civil war solved this problem. 

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