Explain the following terms:
1. Three Majestic Circles
It’s the foreign policy adopted by the Britain after WWII.
The first was the Commonwealth circle, which embraced much of Africa and Asia as well as the dominions of Canada, New Zealand and Australia.
The second was Britain’s “special relationship” with the United States.
The third was Britain’s close relationship with Western Europe.
2. The Constitutional Monarchy
It is a kind of political system adopted in Britain. The power of the monarchy is limited by the constitution, and the king or Queen is the symbolic head of the country the legal authority is given to parliament, and the executive authority to the government.
3. Black Death
The Black Death is a modern name given to deadly bubonic plague, which added to the horrors of the Hundred Years’ War. It struck Europe in the middle of the 14th century and reached England in the summer of 1348. It almost reduced the British population by half, and resulted in terrible shortage of labor. Thus had a sudden and violent effect on the society and accelerated the breakdown of feudalism.
4. Norman Conquest
In 1066, Edward Confessor died, and the wars struggling for king broke out. The Duke William of Normandy also claimed the place of the king. After the Hastings Battle, William became the King of England. Norman Conquest marked the establishment of feudalism in England.
5. The Great Charter
monarchyKing John lost nearly all his continental fief and imposed high taxes, so in 1215, the angry lords forced the King to sign the charter which had altogether 63 clauses. It is regarded as t
he foundation of the British constitutionalism, and it provides the basic principles for the protection of individual rights in both Britain and the United States.
6. Lake District
It lies in the west side of the northern Pennines.
There are 16 lakes. It was set up as national park in 1951.
It is famous for its wild and beautiful scenery and its varied lakes, and also well known for the Lake Poets in English literature history.
7. The Wars of Roses
  It refers to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Both houses battled for power, wealth and finally the throne, and House of Tudor was set up. After the wars England stepped into a transitional period from feudalism to capitalism.
8. Constitutional Monarchy
It is a kind of political system which means that the power of the monarchy is limited by the country’s constitution, the legal authority is given to parliament, and the executive authority to the government. The king or Queen is the symbolic head of the country but has no real power.
9. Academic Freedom
Britain’s universities are legally independent and enjoy complete academic freedom. They appoint their own staff, decide which students to admit, provide their own courses and award their own degrees.
10. The Glorious Revolution
James II wanted to reestablish Roman Catholic, and this aroused the opposition of the nobles and ordinary people. In 1688, Whigs and Tories in the Parliament united to overthrow King James II Parliament met and drew up Declaration of Rights to limit the pow
er of king. It is the victory of Parliament over the King，and the beginning of Constitutional Monarchy.
Answer the following questions:
1. Try to make a brief comment on the major achievements of Queen
  Elizabeth I.
She is regarded as one of the great monarchs of England; during her reign, the wealth, power and prestige of England were increased.
1. Her sailors circumnavigated the world, and established a colony in North America.
2. Renaissance achieved its height, and many great poets and playwrights emerged.
3. She granted to establish charter companies, such as the East India Company, to knock open foreign markets.
4. Spanish Armada was defeated by her navy, since then England established its supremacy over the sea.
5. Queen Elizabeth adopted a moderate religious policy. Her parliament passed the legislation to abolish the papal supremacy over the Church, and defended the fruit of the Reformation.
6. With the help of Elizabeth I, the Scottish Protestants were able to drive out of the French army in Scotland. Scottish Queen Mary was sentenced to death because her plan to murder Elizabeth.
2. What were the results of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
By the middle of the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain. It changed Britain in many ways.
First, industrial productivity increased dramatically. Britain became the most advanced industrial country and also the financial center in the world.

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