英语作文写作及翻译老师笔记（四六级考试）
1.有充分文献证实，过大的压力会引起焦虑以及抑郁。因此，对自己期望过高或经常担心成绩的学生患上这些心理症状的风险很高。
It is well documented that （1.有充分文献证实）intense pressure can lead to （2.导致）both anxiety and depression. Consequently, students who place excessively high expectations on （3.对……期望过高）themselves or are constantly worried about their grades will be at high risk of （4.……的风险很高）developing these emotional symptoms. 
 
 1- It is well documented that
be well documented可以直译为“被详细记录”，that引导主语从句，it为形式主语。
 词典释义：
document
verb transitive UK [ˈdɒk.jʊ.mənt/
to record the details of an event, a process, etc. 记录，记载
•His interest in cricket has been well-documented(= recorded and written about) by the media.他对板球的兴趣在媒体的报道中都有详细的记载。
 外刊例句：
It is well documented that loneliness and social isolation among older people in the UK is increasing, resulting in challenges such as increased costs of caring for older people in hospital as this article suggests.
有充分文献证实，英国老年人中的孤独和社交隔离给政府带来了各种挑战，比如本文所述的正不断增加的老年人医疗花费。
 
学生错误表达：
（1）  There are sufficient references proven that
点评：reference一般指“引文出处，参考书目”，用在这里不妥。
（2）  According to abundant materials
点评：material指写文章时用到的素材和资料，用在这里不准确。documented翻译
 
总结：大多数同学是通过中文意思直译过来，把“文献”翻译成名词，没有document作动词表示地简洁有力。
 
 2- lead to
 词典释义：
lead ●●○○○
11.VERB 动词 招致；致使；导致 If  something leads to a situation or event, usually an unpleasant one, it begins  a process which causes that situation or event to happen.
  【语法信息】：V to n
•Ethnic tensions among the republics could lead to civil  共和国之间紧张的种族关系可能会引发内战。
•He warned yesterday that a pay rise for teachers would lead to job cuts.他昨天警告说，给教师们加薪会导致职位的裁减。
 
外刊例句：
Spurring Mr Kiriyenko on is dread of an abrupt devaluation which could lead to a collapse of confidence in the economy, not only among foreign investors but among Russian  citizens. （ist）
刺激到基里延科先生是对于突发的货币贬值的恐惧，因为在此影响下，不单是外国投资者，俄罗斯众也会丧失对经济的信心。
 
替换表达：result in / cause / give rise to
 
学生错误表达：
（1）  induce
点评：induce是指“诱导某人做某事”，不可以用来指“导致……的结果”。
 
 3- place excessively high expectations on
 词典释义：
expectation 
[ˌek.spek'teɪ.ʃən] noun 
   IMPROVER  countable usually plural 
  ■when you expect good things to happen in the future 期盼；盼望；希望
•The holiday lived up to all our expectations  (= was as good as we were expecting).假期过得一点也没有令我们失望。
•I have high expectations for this job  (= I believe it will be good).我对这份工作有很高期望。
•We did so well - beyond all (= better than) our expectations.我们做得非常好——远远超出我们的预期。
•I think she had unrealistic expectations of  motherhood.我觉得她对当妈妈的憧憬有些不切实际。
 
外刊例句：
This hope of escaping solitude is, I suspect, why people put such high expectations on their  partner. (The Guardian)
我怀疑，人们之所以对伴侣报以如此高期待的原因是他们希望借此能逃离孤独。
 
替换表达：have/hold unrealistic expectations
 
学生错误表达：
（1）       have over high target of
点评：中式表达，target是指“目标”，而不是指期望。
（2）       hold an inflated expectation above
点评：中式表达，inflated是指想法和主张等过于夸张，不可以用来修饰expectation，此外，expectation后面的介词应该是for，不是above
 
4- be at high risk of doing
 词典释义：
[rɪsk] noun
at the risk of doing sth
  ■used before you  say something that may seem offensive or stupid （表示自己说的话可能造成冒犯或听起来很蠢）冒着…的风险
•At the risk of seeming rude, I'm afraid I have to leave now.恕我失礼，恐怕我现在必须得走了。
•At the risk of sounding stupid, how do I send this email? 问一个傻问题，我怎么发出这封呢？
 
外刊例句：
A 2013 paper by Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne, of the University of Oxford, argued that jobs are at high risk of being automated in 47% of the occupational categories into which work is customarily sorted. That includes accountancy,  legal work, technical writing and a lot of other white-collar occupations.（ist）
由牛津大学专家贝内迪克·弗雷和马歇尔·奥斯波勒所作的论文认为47%的日常工作都很有可能遭机器人替代，这包括诸如会计、法律工作和技术性写作等大量白领职业。
 
替换表达：There is a high
 
学生错误表达：
（1）       be in high risk of
点评：这里介词使用错误，应该是be at high risks of
（2）       have high potential of
点评：表达不准确，potential是指做某事的潜力，不能用来指风险的可能性。
（3）       take a high risk of
点评：表达错误，take a risk of 表示“冒着……的风险”，如：So you make a  good decision to take a risk of something you didn't even know it was there. 所以，你决定去冒险，一个你甚至不知道它就在那里的险。
 
 
Q：emotional并没有“心理”相关的意思，为什么“心理症状”要用它呢？
A：这里emotional有“心理上，情感上”的意思
emotional
UK [ɪ'məʊ.ʃən.əl] US [-'moʊ-] adjective 
   ESSENTIAL  
  ■relating to the emotions 情绪（上）的，情感（上）的
•a child's emotional development孩子情感方面的发展
•My doctor said the problem was more emotional than  physical.我的医生说问题主要出在情感方面而不是身体机能上。
•Amnesia can be caused by emotional trauma.情感创伤可以使人罹患健忘症。
 
这里使用psychological/mental symptoms也可以。
 
Q：老师您好，我用的是it has been well documented that 完成时表示可以吗？
A：可以，但是这里没必要使用完成时，更加常见的说法是it is well documented that
 
Q：lead to both anxiety and depression可以不加both吗？
A：可以，不加both句子也成立。
 
 
It is well documented that intense pressure can lead to  both anxiety and depression. Consequently, students who place excessively  high expectations on themselves or are constantly worried about their grades  will be at high risk of developing these emotional symptoms.
 
[分析] 第一个句子是一个被动句，其中It是形式主语，其真正主语是that引导的名词性从句。该that从句是一个主谓宾结构，其中，intense pressure是主语，can lead to是谓语，both anxiety and depression是由并列连词both …  and …连接的宾语部分。
 
第二个句子是一个主系表结构，其主干部分是students …will be at high risk。句首的Consequently作状语，顺承上句而来，表明本句是上句的结果。
 
主语部分中，students后跟一个由关系代词who引导的定语从句who place excessively high expectations on themselves or are  constantly worried about their grades，对students进行限定。在该定语从句中，who作主语，or连接了两个并列的谓语部分place excessively high expectations on themselves和are constantly worried about their grades，表明两种情况的学生，在第一个谓语部分中，place作谓语，excessively作状语，high expectations作宾语，on themselves作状语。第二个谓语部分中，are是系动词，constantly worried about their  grades是表语。
 
句子的表语部分中，由of引导的介词短语修饰high risk，这里既可以将developing these emotional symptoms看做high  risk的同位语，也可以看做high risk的定语。
 
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