第五部分：非谓语动词
所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词，也不受主语人称和数的限制，但具有动词的某些特征，不仅可以接宾语， 而且还有时态和语态的变化。 此外它可以做主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难点，也是每年必考的语 法知识。具体表现形式有三种：1. 动词不定式 to + V ; 2. 动名词 V-ing; 3. 过去分词 V-ed 。
三者的核心含义和区别如下：
  动词不定式 to + V 一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。
  动名词 V-ing 一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。
  过去分词 V-ed 一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。
  (一)关于动词不定式的考点如下：
考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。
  这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等
  afford begin consent expect hesitate neglect prepare threaten agree bother decide fail hinder offer pretend undertake ask care demand fear intend plan refuse venture attempt cho
ose desire hate learn pledge resolve volunteer beg claim endeavor help manage prefer start want 
  He pledged never to come back until he had made great success.
  I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes. 我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。
考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带(或省略)to的动词不定式：
1. 感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive
　I saw a man enter the shop.
2. 个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, make，
　The teacher has us write a composition every week.
3. 一些情态动词，had better, would rather…than…，would sooner…than…，rather than, may well do，may as well do (还是…好了)，can not but…，can not help but…等句型，
　Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.
　We might as well put up here for tonight.
4. 在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中。
　I can do nothing but follow your advice.
　如果but或except之前没有do，help, 其后的to 不能省略。
　There is no choice but to wait and see.
5. 由 all, what 引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least 或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。
　What I have to do is take a rest. resolve的名词形式
　The only thing I could do was do it myself.
6. 由并列连词and，except, but, than, or 连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，  第二个动词不定式不带to。
I’d like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.
She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.
注意：但是如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to.
To try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
He hasn’t decided weather to quit or to stay. 他还没有决定是去还是留。
To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。
考点三：有些动词后一般跟带“疑问词 + 动词不定式”作宾语，如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。
I wonder who to invite. 我不知请谁。
Ask my brother where to put the car. 问一下我哥车停在哪儿。
(二)关于动名词的考点如下：
考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词。
  admit avoid dread excuse forgive permit recall stop advise consider encourage fancy imagine postpone recollect give up allow delay endure feel like involve practise resent can’t help  　anticipate deny enjoy finish mind prevent resist can’t stand appreciate dislike escape forbid miss propose risk suggest
Forbid smoking on trains. 火车上禁止吸烟。
We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. 我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。
注意：上述动词中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语, 如：Allow somebody to do something.
I recommended going by subway. 我建议坐地铁去。
The doctor recommended me to take a few days’ rest. 医生劝我休息几天。
考点二：下列短语中to 为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。
  keep to apply to indifference to look forward to with an eye to amount to commit…to be familiar to stand up to with regard to take to owe…to be faithful to put one’s mind to with a view to turn to resign… to be superior to get down to be opposed to succeed to attribute …to be sensitive to live up to in relation to admit to dedicate …to be devoted to owing to aid to
  point to limit to be committed to thanks to object to
  No woman could succeed to the throne. 妇女不能继承王位。
  I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我盼着再见到你。
考点三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的
意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。
  My socks want mending / to be mended.
  This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.
  That novel is well worth reading.
考点四：在下列it 作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中， 用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。
  It is no use (no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词) + doing sth.
  It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容词) + doing sth.;
  There is no point ( use, sense, good等名词) + doing sth.
  It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔没有用。
  It’s simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
There is no point in my going out to date someone. 现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。
  I find it no good advising him to go with us. 我发现建议他和我们一起去没有什么好处。
考点五：在“have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in ) doing sth. 结构中，后接动名词； 但注意 take the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth. 后接不定式。
  The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.
  I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有：
remember to do sth. 记得将要去做某事    remember doing sth. 记得已经做过某事
  Please remember to take the medicine. (还没吃)  I remember taking the medicine. (已经吃过)
  forget to do sth. 忘记了该做的事情  forget doing sth. 忘记了已经做过了的事情
  I forgot to mail the letter. ( 没有发信)  I forgot mailing the letter. ( 忘记曾经发过信)

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