最新⿊魔⽅系列2007年版：考研英语必备语法全突破(第⼆版) ⿊魔⽅考研命题研究组组编
第⼀编考研必备语法精要速览
⼀、时态、语态
时态、语态需要掌握的要点：
1.以下⼏类动词⼀般不能⽤于进⾏时，同样不⽤于完成进⾏时：
(1)表⽰感知的动词：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell；
(2)表⽰意愿、情感的动词：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；
(3)表⽰思考、看法的动词：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；
(4)表⽰所有、占有的动词：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容纳)；
(5)其他动词：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。
如：
I’d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.
(1997年考研题， belong表⽰归属，不⽤于进⾏式)
resolve的名词形式
He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.
(1990年考研题，see表⽰结果，不⽤于进⾏式)
2. 不⽤will/shall表达将来时的形式：
(1)be going to表⽰现在的打算和意图；
(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表⽰移位的动词的进⾏体表⽰按计划肯定要发⽣的将来动作；
(3)be to (do)表⽰安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发⽣的事，如：
Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.
(4)be about to (do)表⽰将要(做)，如：
Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.
(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表⽰“马上就要”，⼀般不与表⽰将来的时间状语连⽤；
(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的⼀般现在时表⽰按⽇历或时刻表要发⽣的将来动作或事件，如：If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow. (画线部分⼀般不⽤will be)
(7)在时间、条件、让步从句中，⼀般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：
I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪⼉。(宾语从句)
I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)
⽐较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)
(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词⽤⼀般现在时代替将来时，如：
See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
(include 不能⽤will include或其他形式)
3.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连⽤的句型和时间状语：
(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表⽰过去发⽣情况的从句，主句⽤过去完成时。如：
We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.
(表⽰1919年时已发⽣的情况)
(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是⼀般现在时的从句，主句⽤将来完成时。如：
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句⽤现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这⼀句型中，主句更多的时候不⽤完成时。如：
The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.
It is four years since John left school.
(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常⽤现在完成时。如：
It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.
(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常⽤过去完成时。
(6)其他与完成时连⽤的时间状语：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。
4.完成进⾏时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：
The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.
The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.
时态、语态答题思路：
(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻给出的或暗⽰的时间状语，缩⼩选择范围，进⽽选出正确答案；
(2)根据谓语动词与句⼦主语或⾮谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句⼦是主动语态还是被动语态。
⼆、不定式
1.不定式做主语
(1)做形式主语的代词：
不定式做主语, 通常⽤it充当形式主语, 把做主语的不定式短语后置。如：
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.
(2)引导逻辑主语的介词：
不定式的逻辑主语⼀般由介词for引导，但下列表⽰⼈的性格⾏为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：
Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
(3)不定式做主语补⾜语：
掌握常⽤不定式做主语补⾜语的句型。注意不定式表⽰的动作发⽣的时间，并采⽤相应形式。如：
said
reported
thought
be to do sth.
believed
known
supposed
Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
2.不定式做宾语
(1)必须接不定式做宾语的动词：
掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如：
Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.
注意:
1)有的动词要求特殊疑问词+不定式做宾语, 这类动词有：
consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如：
While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
2)如果该特殊疑问词在不定式中做介词宾语, 介词往往置于该特殊疑问词的前⾯。如:
The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.
Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge upon which to base our thinking. (2)可以⽤不定式做宾语补⾜语(复合宾语)的动词：
下列动词可以⽤不定式做宾语补⾜语(复合宾语)：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish。
注意：画线动词后⾯的不定式不带to。
如：
Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.
3.不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词⽤不定式做定语。如：
the first woman to set foot on the moon 第⼀个登上⽉球的⼥性
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词⼀般⽤不定式做定语。如：
tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词⼀般⽤不定式做定语。如：
ambition to do “⼲……的雄⼼”→be ambitious to do“有雄⼼⼲……”
curiosity to do “对……的好奇⼼”→be curious to do“对……好奇”
ability to do“做……的能⼒”→able to do“有能⼒做……”
According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.
(4)表⽰⽅式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词⽤不定式做定语，这些名词包括：
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (运动)，effort等。如：
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.
(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上⽤不定式做定语。如：
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.
4.不定式做状语
不定式做状语主要表⽰⽬的、程度、结果、⽅式。
(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导⽬的状语，so as to不能置于句⾸。如：
To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent .
I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.
(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如：
The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句⼦的末尾，表⽰不愉快的结果，有时⽤only加强语⽓。
常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：
Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.
(4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表⽰肯定意义。如：
I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太⾼兴了。
三、动名词
1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词
牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：
acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay,
deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：
Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
2.动名词做介词短语
考⽣尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如：
There was no sign that Mr. Jospin , who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.
Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.
四、分词
分词起形容词和副词的作⽤，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上考⽣应清楚：
●现在分词表⽰主动，表⽰动作在进⾏。
●过去分词表⽰被动，表⽰动作结束了的状态或结果。
1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别
分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考⽣应掌握：
(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：
It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which )
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于)
How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相当于How many of us who )
(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：
Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
(相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)
Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
(相当于…each new phone which is added to…)
The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.
(相当于…description which was based on…)
(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：
deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：
an escaped prisoner⼀个逃犯
a retired worker⼀位退休⼯⼈

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