云南普通专升本公共课（公共英语）
语法精讲（五）：非谓语动词与独立主格
学习目标：
1．识别并掌握非谓语动词的三种形式。
2．掌握非谓语动词的特性和功能。
3．熟练运用独立主格结构。
动词通常在句中作谓语，那么非谓语动词顾名思义就是指这类形式的词在句
中不用作谓语，而是作其他成分。在英语中非谓语动词可分为三类：-to do，
-ved,-ving。非谓语动词的特征有以下几点：
1. 它有动词的性质，即有时态和语态的变化。
  Having finished his homework, he went to play baseball.
  The hospital being built will be completed next month.
2. 它有n,adj,adv性质，即能在句中做主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等。
  Seeing is believing. 或者To see is to believe. （主语/表语）
  He is fond of playing snooker. （宾语）
  The man standing at the front of the classroom is our English teacher. （定语）
  Mary got home very late, resolve的名词形式only to find the guests gone.（状语）
3. 它没有人称和数的变化。
  The man wandering up and down the road was a robber.
  The men wandering up and down the road were robbers.
4. 它可以带宾语、状语或修饰成分，构成相应的短语。
  I didn’t expect to find you here.
  She is used to getting up early.
  Professor Ma stood there surrounded by many students.
5. 它可有自己的逻辑主语。
  The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.
  The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking.
非谓语动词时态语态变化表
          语  态
时  态
主动
被动
  to do
一般式
to do
to be done
进行式
to be doing
      /
完成式
to have done
to have been done
完成进行式
to have been doing
      /
  -ving
一般式
doing
  being done
完成式
having done
having been done
  -ed
一般式
        /
done
一．不定式
    不定式由 to + do 构成，否定形式是 not to + do；它前面可以加特殊疑问词，
如：what to do /  what not to do 等。它的逻辑主语有时由 for/ of 结构引出。
不定式具有名词、形容词和副词性质，因此它在句中可以作主语、表语、宾
语、宾补、定语和状语。
1. 作主语
  To spend your vacation at the seaside is quite pleasure.
  To improve our learning method is very important.
  不定式作主语时，当主语较长，为例保持句子平衡，往往用 it 作形式主语，
而把不定式放到谓语后面做句子真正的逻辑主语。如:
  It would take some 100 workers a year’s time to complete the project.
  关于这种用法的常见句型还有：（掌握）
  ◆ It is/was + adj + of/for sb + to do
    常用这类结构的adj有：easy, difficult, (un)necessary, kind, good, naughty, (im)polite, rude, (un)wise, (in)considerate, silly, foolish, stupid, absurd, (in)convenient等。e.g.
    It is difficult for the average people to understand the theory.
    It was necessary for him to get some advice before the job interview.
    It was foolish of her to believe that guy.
    It’s kind of you to think so much of us students.
  ◆ It is + n + to do
    这类名词常有：a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one’s duty, an honor, a
shame, a crime, a sin, no easy job等。如：
    It is a pity to have to go without her.
    It is a glorious death to die for the people.
  ◆ It takes( sb ) + time + to do
    这类表示时间的词可以是：hours, months, days, a lot of time 等。
    It takes me three hours to learn English each day.
    It took them half the night to get home in the snow.
2．作表语
  不定式做表语通常表示将来的行为、动作，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计
划的词，如: wish, idea, task, purpose, duty, job, dream, intention, ambition等。
  Our plan is to set up another primary school for these orphans.
  His ambition is to become a successful lawyer.
  The duty of a doctor is to treat the sick, cure the injured, and to save lives.
  Her wish is to improve the working condition.
3．作宾语
1> 有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有：
      afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, care, choose, claim, consent,
continue, contrive, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, forget, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, mean, need, offer, petition, plan, pledge, plot, pray, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, think, tend, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, vow, want, wish, 等。如：
    They decided to change their mind.
    I can’t afford to live in a detached house.
    She pretended to be reading when the teacher came in.
    She failed to finish the assignment on time, and she was worried about it.
  2> “主语 + 动词 + it + adj + to do” 。不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有
宾补，且不定式短语过长，则常用it 作形式宾语，而将不定式放在宾补之后。
常用该句型的动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel, find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think等。如：
      We found it impossible to get everything ready in time.
      I think it important to learn English well in college.
      Many foreigners find it interesting to learn Chinese.
      All those worries made it impossible for her to concentrate on her study.
  3> 在某些介词后面作介词宾语。如：
      He had no alternative but to turn back home.
      The young man asked for nothing except to be trained in the football team.

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