名词
一、名词的分类
名词 专有名词
普通名词 个体名词
集体名词 可数名词
物质名词
抽象名词 不可数名词
物质名词:glass(玻璃), iron(铁), copper(铜), tin(锡), paper(纸), chalk(粉笔), wood
个体名词:a glass, an iron, a copper, a tin, a paper, a chalk, a wood
抽象名词:youth, relation, democracy, authority, power, necessity, beauty
个体名词:a youth, a relation, a democracy, an authority, a power, a necessity, a beauty
作不可数名词:Do you care for tea? Do you like chocolate? Have some coffee.
Light travels faster than sound. What she lacks is experience. I hate empty talk.
Translation is an art. We were again in difficulty.
作可数名词:Long Jing is a well-known tea. He bought us a box of chocolates.
Two coffees, please. The lights are on. He’s had many odd experiences.
There’s going to be an English talk. He has make an English translation of it.
We met with many difficulties.
另外,有一些个体名词,在一定情况下也可以抽象化,成为不可数名词:
Sure, there is much room for improvement.
Now he began to prepare for bed.
There’s no school tomorrow.
He’s on holiday.
The trees are now in flower.
Fold all the dishes in newspaper.
The house is built of brick.
有许多东西在汉语里是可数的,在英语中却不可数,这时如果要表示“一个”这类概念,就需加a piece of 这类定语:
一条新闻 a piece (an item) of news 一个意见 a piece of advice
一件工作 a piece of work 一阵掌声 a burst of applause
一张纸条 a slip of paper 一块肥皂 a cake of soap
一块巧克力 a bar of chocolate 一块冰 a block of ice
二、名词的数(见《考研英语语法》第3-6页)
1. 大多数名词的复数形式是在词尾加s. 如desk, map, boat, lake, field, dog, sea, machine
2. 以s, ss, x, sh, ch, z等字母结尾的名词和以辅音字母+o结尾的名词在词尾要加es, 以元音字母+o结尾的名词直接加s. 如buses, classes, boxes, dishes, churches, buzzes, heroes, potatoes, pianos, studios, radios, zoos, photos等
3. 以y结尾的名词,y前是辅音的变y为i再加es, y前是元音的加s. 如party, factory, family, university, boy, ray, toy, guy等。
4. 以f或fe结尾的名词,变复数时将f或fe改为ves. 如leaf, knife, wife
5. 有些名词变为复数,没有规律可循,只能死记。如formula-formulae, thesis-theses, analysis-analyses, basis-bases
6. 有些名词单、复数形式一样。
7. 有少数名词只有复数形式。有的跟单数谓语,有的跟复数谓语。
8.有些名词单复数发生词意变化。
冠词:冠词的用法见该书2-6页。
注意:一、不可数名词除特指、有限定性定语修饰的前面用定冠词the外,其余都为零冠词。
二、可数名词单数前注意加冠词a或an, 谓语为单数。特指的、类指的、有限定性定语的名词前要加定冠词the. 复数名词表泛指是为零冠词,表特指和有限定性修饰语时用the.
1. 专有名词前一般不加冠词
China中国 Europe欧洲 Lei Feng雷锋 William Shakespeare 威廉•莎士比亚
2. 月份、周日、节日前一般不加冠词
January一月份 Sunday星期日 Christmas Day圣诞节 Thanksgiving 感恩节
National Day国庆节 May Day 劳动节
比较: ...on a Sunday morning. 在一个星期天的早晨... (表示某一个。)
3. 三餐、四季前一般不加冠词
I have lunch at school.
我在学校吃午餐。
Summer is the best season for swimming.
夏天是游泳的好季节。
比较: I had a big lunch yesterday.
昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。(表示某一个)
The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice.
史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。(表示特指)
比较: I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.
我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。
(表示特指)
4. 进行球类运动
play basketball 打篮球 play volleyball 打排球 play football 踢足球
5. 指职位、头衔的词,如king,captain,president,chairman 等。如果这职位不是独一的,前面一般要加不定冠词。
He is (the) captain of the team.
他是球队的队长。
As (the) chairman of the committee, I declare the meeting open.
作为委员会主席,我宣布会议开始。
6.有些个体名词有时可以转而具有抽象意义,这时前面也常不加冠词。
Go to bed (camp, hospital, church), go by train(bike, boat, plane, bus, car), in bed(school, prison, class), at table( school, college)
常见固定搭配:
take place 发生 take the place 代替 in place of 代替 in the place of 在...的地方
in case of 万一 in the case of 就...来说
out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 完全不可能
通常使用不定冠词的短语
after a while 过了一会儿 all of a sudden 突然
as a rule 通常 as a result 结果,因此
as a matter of fact 事实上 as a whole 大体上
at a loss 不知所措 in a hurry 急忙
in a way 在某种程度上 in a word 总而言之
It’s a pity that… 令人遗憾的是… put an end to… 结束…
come to an end 结束 come to a conclusion 得出结论
have a good time 玩得愉快 have a rest 休息一下
have a cold 感冒 have a word with 和…谈一谈
have an eye for 对…有鉴赏力 keep an eye on 留意,照看
make a living 谋生resolve的名词形式 make a fire 生火
make a fool of 愚弄 take a walk 散步
定语从句
说到定语从句,大家都不感到陌生,它是考研题中经常见到的一类从句。例如2006年考研真题的完形填空题中:
Even when homeless individuals manage to find a shelter that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street. 即使有些无家可归者设法到了可供其一日三餐和栖身的收容所,但仍有大量无家可归者每天大部分时间流浪街头。
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