第七章 翻译的篇章意识(2)
篇章翻译常见问题及其对策
具体就段落组合而言,英、汉之间的确存在着很大差异。例如,汉语段落以“气”(语气)为先,逐一展开,语句组合灵活,不拘形态,行文布局往往依“气”而行,“气”终则句止,段中各小句多呈竹节型平行铺开,“形”散而“神”聚。而英语则是一种语法关系配合制约严谨、形态标记鲜明、语义逻辑关系外显的语言,它以“形”统“义”,行文布局“形”到则“意”到,“形”不全则“意”不明,段落展开必须逻辑层次分明、语法关系严谨,因而它必须具备一套远比汉语完整精细得多的语法手段和规则。翻译时若不明这一点,一味照搬汉语的方式在英语中行文布局,将会使译文章法大乱,溃不成文!
7.1 斤斤于字比句次,措辞生硬
  主要表现为摆不脱原文字面的束缚,跟着原文亦步亦趋,斤斤于分寸不失。一句一句看,似乎与原文相差无几,但就是读来别扭生硬,“翻译腔”十足,其结果往往是有字无篇,使作者的本义和原文意义大打折扣:
1. Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious(丑恶)----in this respect I’ve slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up---in other words, whichever is easiest.
(1)孤独是一个很好的实验室,在其中观察礼貌和习惯受别人制约所达到的程度。我的餐桌礼仪十分恶劣——这方面我已倒退了数百年;事实上我没有任何礼仪,如果我觉得喜欢,我就用手指吃,或用罐头吃,或站着吃——换句话说,看那种吃法最容易。
打不破字面的束缚,语气生硬】
(2)孤独是一块极好的试金石,利于观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。我的吃相实在不雅,这方面一下就倒退了几百年,实在是一点规矩也没有。只要觉得合适,我可用手抓着吃,直接拿着罐头吃,或是站着吃:反正怎么省事就怎么吃。
深究字里行间内涵,语气较自然
例2. We all seem to agree that a college education is wonderful, and yet strangely we worry when we see families investing so much in such supposedly essential goods. Maybe it’s time to ask a question that seems almost sacrilegious(亵渎神圣): is all this investment in college education really worth it?
(1) 看起来我们都同意大学教育很美好,但奇怪的是,当我们看到众多家庭对这一所谓的必需品大量投资时,却又觉得担忧。或许,现在是提出这一亵渎神圣的问题的时候了所有这些用于大学教育的投资真的值得吗?
(2)几乎所有人都认为,大学教育是美好的,但奇怪的是,看到这么多家庭将大量资金投入这一想当然的好事之中,却又令人担忧起来。或许,现在到了提出这一问题的时候了,尽管有些辱没斯文/大不敬:所有这些投入大学教育的资金真的值得吗?
例3. (The tobacco lobbyists…would already have to swallow a thick cloud of concession… to shell out $368 billion for the medical ravages of smoking…)Adding insult to the injury was the room-service crisis. The chocolate torte and grilled chicken that tobacco-company lobbyists had arrayed for themselves were getting nibbled away by the attorneys general. “
One more price to pay,” sighed a tobacco ally.       
(1)往伤口上撒盐的是室内招待食品危机:烟草公司的说客们为自己陈列的果子奶油大蛋糕和烤鸡却被各州检查总长们蚕食掉了。“又一笔付出的代价!”某烟草联合会哀叹道。
【生硬,过分拘泥于原文语序和字面】
(2) 连会议招待品也打了水漂:会议厅摆放的果子奶油大蛋糕和烤鸡,原本是烟草公司的说客们为自己准备的,不想也被各州检查总长们一点一点吃个精光,这无异往他们伤口上又撒了一把盐。“又一笔多付的代价!”某烟草联合会发出了哀叹。
【更明确、更合汉语事理顺序】
例4.Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far being answered. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.
(1)resolved翻译 既然我们已经认真开始探索,我们就已瞥见问题多么巨大、答案多么遥远。如果你完全无知,这种无知还不坏,困难的事情就是较为详尽地了解无知的现实,最坏的地方和这儿那儿不太坏的地方,但是既没有通道尽头真理的灯光,甚至还没有可以信赖的通道。
  【明显有逻辑缺失,语言生硬】
(2)我们既已认真开始了探索,那么,就已窥见冰山一角,看到问题数量之庞大、答案寻求之遥远。假若你完全无知,这还不太难办,难就难在要具体了解无知的现状——哪些是最糟糕的,哪些是夹在其中又不太糟糕的——而这一切,却没有通道尽头灯光的正确指引,甚至连可信赖的通道都没有。 准确达意、通顺自然
5. ……,这一切都没有立下硬性规矩,充其量由领导作一些“口头要求”罢了
(1) …, all these have no hard and rigid rules but “oral instructions” by the leaders.
(2)…, all these have no well-defined rules but some “oral instructions” by the leaders.
              【到底用哪一个?】
英语 “hard and fast rules /deed restrictions/ inflexible and rigid rules” 等这些表达,都重在死板、僵化,而这里所谓硬性的是针对后面口头要求而言的,就是说,对前面提到的这些问题,都没有界定明确的或者说制定清楚的规矩(well-defined restrictions / well-made rules)。又是原文理解问题!
6. 30岁,一个传说中很可怕的年龄就要来了。突然发现原来有些事情不可强求,觉得小孩子似乎没以前那么令人讨厌了。
(1) The age of 30, a terrible age in the legend is approaching him. He suddenly finds that something in life can not be enforced and the children will no longer be loathsome.
(2)The age of 30, a terrible age on the lips of young people, is approaching him. It will hit upon him that something in life can not be enforced and the children will no longer be troublesome. 【哪一个译文更准确达意?】         
7. 2 结构松散,表达过于口语化
主要表现为译文(特别是汉译英)单句成串,结构散乱,语义层次不清,行文方式过分口语
化。要知道,笔译和口译毕竟不是一回事,口译要求的是快速与直接,有时零散断续的表达甚至只字片言都能在特定的场合进行现场交流,但用于笔译却不行。尤其是在汉译英方面,口语化的表达尽管简短直接,但作为书面语,会使译文显得松散零碎,读来近似school English,特别是在篇章翻译中,毕竟还是要讲究一下文法和修辞,注意一下篇章结构,顾及一下读者的审美期待,不宜一味按口语体行事。因为,“英语有英语的文采;汉语有汉语的文采”,“英语的文采主要表现在盘根错节、欲罢不能的绵长句型;表现在那易如反掌、新意闪烁的词的转义”(毛荣贵),篇章或段落不是一的简单句的罗列。当然,这又牵涉到翻译中的文体问题,牵涉到源语与译语间的文化差异。而具体到篇章翻译,就要从“大语篇”的角度来审视整个语篇,分清文体及其风格,从整体上把握住篇章的基调和语气。当然,在考场的特殊条件下,实在译不出来时,能用口语化的简单句将原文意思罗列出来,要比乱七八糟的译文好,但说到底,这毕竟不是我们翻译追求的目标。例如:
例1. 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。
(1)A language is not easy to learn well, you must make great efforts to do it well.
(2) A language is not easy to learn well unless you make arduous efforts
(3)Mastery of a language is not easy and requires painstaking efforts.
2. Too many of the world’s leaders are still best described in the words of Winston Churchill applied to those who ignored Adolf Hitler’s threat. They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, all powerful to be impotent.

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