Grammar and Writing
Grammar——过去完成时及过去完成时的被动语态
1．Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America,  with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.
2．When my family and I had just arrived in China, we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.
3．A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend，and finally, we found it.
4．Tired, hungry, and not knowing a word of Chinese, we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
【自主发现】
过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的动作或存在的状态。过去完成时的肯定句结构是主语＋had＋过去分词＋其他成分，否定句结构是主语＋had＋not＋过去分词＋其他成分，被动语态结构是主语＋had been＋过去分词。
语法知识
一、过去完成时的用法
1．用于told，said，knew，heard，thought，found等动词后面的宾语从句中，表示动作发生在这些动词之前。
He told me that he had seen the film the day before.他告诉我他前一天已经看过那部电影了。
She said that she had never been to the Great Wall.她说她从未去过长城。
2．表示从过去某一时刻开始，一直持续到过去另一时刻的动作或状态，常和for，since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
I had been at the bus stop for 15 minutes when a bus finally came.当公共汽车最终到来的时候，我已在公交车站等了15分钟。
3．表示意向的动词(hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose)的过去完成时可用于表示过去未曾实现的愿望。
I had meant to go on a trip with you，but I was busy with work then.我本想和你一起去旅游，但是我那时正忙于工作。
I had intended to see you，but I had to look after my little daughter at that moment.
我本打算去看你，但是我那时得照顾我的小女儿。
二、过去完成时的常用固定句型
1．用在“主语＋had hardly/scarcely(no sooner)＋过去分词＋when(than)从句”句型中，从句用一般过去时。  当hardly，scarcely，no sooner位于句首时，主句要倒装。
I had no sooner reached home than it began to rain.我刚到家就开始下雨了。
Hardly had we left the house when it began to rain.我们刚离开家，天就开始下雨了。
2．与by...，by the , by 等连用。
By the end of that year, Henry had collected more than a thousand postcards.到那年年底，亨利已经收集了一千多张明信片。
By the time they arrived，we had got everything ready.在他们到达之前，我们已经准备好一切了。
3．用在“It was the＋序数词＋time＋(that)．..”或“It was the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋(that)．..”句型中(从句用过去完成时)。
It was the first time (that) I had been to Shanghai.那是我第一次去上海。
It was the most inspiring performance I had watched.这是我看过的最激励人心的表演。
4．用在“It was＋一段时间＋since从句”句型中(从句用过去完成时)。
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing.我离开北京至少有三个月了。
三、过去完成时的被动语态
过去完成时的被动语态是过去完成时的被动形式。
A power station had been set up in their hometown by the end of last year.在去年年底之前，他们的家乡已经建立了一座发电站。
How many buildings had been destroyed when the hurricane ended?飓风结束时有多少建筑物被毁？
四、过去完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1．时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”，而一般过去时强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较：
They had arrived at the station by ten o’clock yesterday.他们昨天十点之前就已经到达车站了。
They arrived at the station at ten o’clock yesterday.他们昨天十点到达了车站。
2．在没有明确地表示过去的时间状语时，谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间先后顺序须依据上下文来判断：先发生的动作用过去完成时，后发生的动作则用一般过去时。
She was very happy and her whole family were pleased with her，too.She had just won fir
st prize in the composition competition.
她很高兴，她的所有家人也都对她感到满意。她刚刚在作文竞赛中获得了一等奖。
用正确的时态和语态填空
imported food①One morning she told her children about a family she               (visit) the day before.
②It was supposed that he               (have)a sudden attack of faintness.
③All the fine ladies and gentlemen of the countryside               (invite) before the party began.
④It was the first time she               ever               (speak) before such a big audience.
⑤Police asked passers－by if they               (see) the accident happen.
⑥Nothing could have saved him even if he               (tend) without delay.
一.用正确的动词时态和语态填空
1．The wheat crop               safely               (gather) in before the storm came.
2．A great deal of Japanese culture and religion               (adapt) from the older civilization.
3．They               (want) to help but could not get there in time.
4．The airport               (establish) long before the community.
5．I didn’t  know a thing  about the verbs, for I               (not study) my lesson.
6．I returned the book that I               (borrow)．
7．Mr Smith died yesterday.He               (be) a good friend of mine.
8．It was the third time that he               (be) out of work that year.
9．A senior doctor said that Hu’s recovery               (lift) the morale of all the medical teams at the hospital.
10．We               (learn)over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
【答案】1.had been，gathered 2.had been adapted3.had wanted4.had been established 5.had not studied6.had borrowed7.had been8.had been9.had lifted10.had learned

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