单词短语
Information layer  信息层
Hardware layer    硬件层
Programming layer 编程层
Operating systems layer 操作系统层
Application layer 应用层
Communication layer 通信层
Resource 资源
Abstraction 抽象
Punched card 打孔卡片
Personal computer 个人电脑
Integrated circuits 集成电路
Turing machine 图灵机
Input device 输入设备
Auxiliary storage device 辅助存储设备
Peripheral devices 外围设备
Natural number 自然数
Base 基数
Octal 八进制
Hexadecimal 十六进制
Audio 音频
Video 视频
Bandwidth 带宽
Data compression 数据压缩
Finite 有限的
Analog data 模拟数据
Digital data 数字模拟
Discrete 离散的
Two’s complement 二的补码
Number overflow 数字溢出
Digitize 数字化
Sampling 采样
Boolean algebra 布尔代数
Logic diagram 逻辑图
Assignment statement 赋值语句
Combinational circuit 组合电路
Sequential circuit 时序电路
Random access memory 随机访问存储器
Sound card 声卡
Read-only memory 只读存储器
Addressability 可寻址能力
Instruction register 指令寄存器
Program counter 程序计数器
Repetition 重复
Algorithm 算法
Analysis 分析
Divide and conquer 分而治之
Programmable 可编程的
Logical operations 逻辑操作
Accumulator 累加器
Opcode 操作码
Operand 操作数
Status bit 状态位
Machine language instruction
机器语言指令
Imperative model  命令式模型
Functional model  函数模型
Object-oriented paradigm  面向对象模型
Virtual machine  虚拟机
Passive  被动的
Active  主动的
Relational operator  关系操作符
Abstract data type  抽象数据类型
Linked implementation  链表完成
Sorted  排序的

短句长句
sortedlist
    Computer software is the collection of programs that provide the instructions that a computer carries out.
    计算机软件是程序的集合，这些程序提供了计算机所执行的指令。
    Computer hardware includes devices such as gates and circuits，which control the flow of electricity in fundamental ways.
    计算机硬件包括如门和电路等器件，这些器件以基本方式控制电流。
    The keyboard gave the user direct access to the computer，and the screen provided an immediate response.
    键盘提供了用户直接访问计算机的途径，而显示器则提供了立即响应。
    The base of a number system specifies the number of digits used in the system. The digits always begin with 0 and continue through one less than the base.
    一个数制的基数确定了该数制所用数字的个数。这些数字总是从0开始，一直到比基数小1的数为止。
    Data are basic values or facts，whereas information is data that has been organized or processed in a way that is useful in solving some kind of problem.
    数据是基本值或事实，而信息是以某种利于解决某类问题的方式经组织或加工过的数据。
    Performing addition and subtraction with signed integer numbers can be described as moving a certain number of units in one direction or another.
    对带符号的整数进行加和减的运算可描述为（在数轴上）向一个方向或另一方向移动一定数量单位。
    In a sequential circuit，the output is a function of the input values as well as the existing state of the circuit.
    时序电路中，输出是输入值及电路当前状态的函数。
    Because the ALU and the control unit work so closely together，they are often thought of as one unit called the central processing unit.
    由于运算逻辑单元和控制单元工作得如此紧密，所以通常它们被当作一个单元，并被称作中央处理单元。
    We break up a large problem into smaller pieces that we can solve individually.
    我们将大的问题拆分为能够单独解决的小问题。
    The distinction between the immediate addressing mode and the direct addressing mode is very important because it determines where the data involved in the operation is stored or is to be stored.
    立即寻址方式与直接寻址方式的差别很重要，因为这决定了操作中所涉及的数据存于何处或将存于何处。
    Although C++ is considered by some to be an object-oriented language，we view it as an imperative language with some object-oriented features.
    尽管有些人将C++视为面向对象语言，但我们认为它是一种具有一些面向对象特征的命令式语言。
    In an unsorted list，the component that comes before or after an item has no semantic relationship with it.
    在一个未排序的链表中，一个项的前后项与其没有语义关系。
课后习题
What French mathematician built and sold the first gear-driven mechanical machine that did addition and subtraction？            Pascal
Who built the first mechanical machine that did addition，subtraction，multiplication，and division?            Leibniz
Who designed the first mechanical machine that included memory？            Babbage
Who was considered the first programmer？            Lovelace
Who proposed that a punched card be used for counting the census？        Hollerith
Who edited Babbage’s work？            Lovelace

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