车床科普知识
(Lathe popular science knowledge)
The lathe popular science knowledge
lathe mainly carries on the turning processing with the lathe tool to the revolving work piece the engine bed.On the lathe also the available drill bit, the reamer, the reamer, the screw tap, the board tooth and the knurling tool and so on carry on the corresponding processing.The lathe mainly uses in processing the axis, the plate, the wrap and other has the rotation surface work piece, is the machine manufacture and makes repairs in the factory to use a broadest kind of engine bed.
The ancient times lathe was depends on the hand to pull or the foot pedal, caused work piece revolving through the rope, and grasped the cutting tool to carry on the cutting. In 1797, English mechanical inventor Maudsley has formulated with the guide screw transmission tool rest modern lathe, and used in 1800 changes gears, might change the feed rate and is processed the thread the pitch.In 1817, another English Roberts has used four levels of band pulleys and the back gear organizations changes the main axle rotational speed. In order to enhance the mechanization automaticity, in 1845, US's Fitch invented the turret lathe; In 1848, US appeared the feedback lathe; In
1873, US's Spenser made a spindle automatic lathe, he made the three axle automatic lathe soon; At the beginning of the 20th century appeared had the gear gear box lathe by the independent motor-driven. After First World War, as a result of munitions, automobile and other mechanical industry need, each kind of highly effective automatic lathe and specialized lathe rapid development.In order to enhance small batch work piece the productivity, at the end of the 40's, bring the hydraulic pressure copying mechanism lathe to obtain the promotion, at the same time, the
multi-cut lathe also obtains the development.In the 50's, developed the belt punch card, inserted the lock plate and dials the coded disk and so on the procedure control lathe.
The numerical control technology starts in the 60's to use in the lathe, after the 70's obtain the rapid development.
The lathe depends on the use and the function discrimination is many kinds of types. The conventional lathe processing object is broad, the main axle rotational speed and to feed quantity adjustment scope is big, can process the work piece inside and outside surface, the end surface and inside and outside thread. Plants the lathe by the worker manual operation, the production efficiency is mainly low, is suitable for the single unit, the small serial production and the repair and parts workshop. The turret lat
he and the rotation lathe have can install many the cutting tool revolving tool box saddle or the feedback tool rest, can clamp in a work piece attire uses the different cutting tool by the worker to complete many kinds of working procedures in turn, is suitable in the mass productions.
The automatic lathe can complete the middle and small scale work piece automatically according to certain procedure the multi-working procedure processing, can on the automatic yummy treats, the repetition process one batch of same work pieces, is suitable in large numbers in, the mass productions.
The semiautomatic multi-cutter lathe has the single axle, multiple spindle, the horizontal type and the vertical division. The single axle horizontal type layout form and the conventional lathe are similar, but two groups of tool rests install separately in main axle around or about, uses in
processing the plate, the link and the axis class work piece, its productivity enhances 3~5 times compared to the conventional lathe.
The copying lathe can imitate the model or the type shape size, completes the work piece automatically the processing cycle, is suitable in the shape complex work piece small batch of and
pulleys
the mass productions, the productivity compared to conventional lathe high 10~15 times.Has the capstan of lathe, multiple spindle, the chuck type, vertical and so on the types.
The vertical lathe main axle is vertical to the horizontal plane, the work piece attire clamps on
the level rotary table, the tool rest moves on horizontal Liang or the column.Is suitable is big in the processing, heavily, difficulty with the work piece which installs on the conventional lathe, divides
into the sole column and the biprism two big kinds generally.
The relieving lathe while turning, the tool rest cycle makes the radial direction reciprocal
motion, uses in the mechanical shovel milling cutter, the hob and so on the formed tooth
face.Usually has the shovel to rub the appendix, rubs the tooth face by the independent direct motor drive small grinding wheel shovel. The special lathe is uses in processing some kind of work piece
the specific surface lathe, like crank shank lathe, cam shaft lathe, wheel lathe, axle-machining lathe,
roll lathe and steel ingot lathe and so on.
Unites the lathe mainly to use in the turning processing, after but attaches some special parts
and the appendix, but also may carry on the boring, the mill, drills, inserts, rubs and so on the processings, has “many one machine energy” the characteristic, is suitable on the machine sho the ships or the motion service station makes repairs the work.
车床科普知识
车床主要用车刀对旋转的工件进行车削加工的机床。在车床上还可用钻头、扩孔钻、铰
刀、丝锥、板牙和滚花工具等进行相应的加工。车床主要用于加工轴、盘、套和其他具有回
转表面的工件，是机械制造和修配工厂中使用最广的一类机床。古代的车床是靠手拉或脚
踏，通过绳索使工件旋转，并手具而进行切削的。1797年，英国机械发明家莫兹利创制
了用丝杠传动刀架的现代车床，并于1800年采用交换齿轮，可改变进给速度和被加工螺纹的
螺距。1817年，另一位英国人罗伯茨采用了四级带轮和背轮机构来改变主轴转速。为了提
高机械化自动化程度，1845年，美国的菲奇发明转塔车床；1848年，美国又出现回轮车床；
1873年，美国的斯潘塞制成一台单轴自动车床，不久他又制成三轴自动车床；20世纪初出
现了由单独电机驱动的带有齿轮变速箱的车床。
第一次世界大战后，由于军火、汽车和其他机械工业的需要，各种高效自动车床和专门
化车床迅速发展。为了提高小批量工件的生产率，40年代末，带液压仿形装置的车床得到推
广，与此同时，多刀车床也得到发展。50年代中，发展了带穿孔卡、插销板和拨码盘等的程
序控制车床。数控技术于60年代开始用于车床，70年代后得到迅速发展。车床依用途和
功能区分为多种类型。
普通车床的加工对象广，主轴转速和进给量的调整范围大，能加工工件的内外表面、端
面和内外螺纹。这种车床主要由工人手工操作，生产效率低，适用于单件、小批生产和修配
车间。
转塔车床和回转车床具有能装多把刀具的转塔刀架或回轮刀架，能在工件的一次装夹中
由工人依次使用不同刀具完成多种工序，适用于成批生产。
自动车床能按一定程序自动完成中小型工件的多工序加工，能自动上下料，重复加工一
批同样的工件，适用于大批、大量生产。
多刀半自动车床有单轴、多轴、卧式和立式之分。单轴卧式的布局形式与普通车床相似，但两组刀架分别装在主轴的前后或上下，用于加工盘、环和轴类工件，其生产率比普通车床
提高3～5倍。
仿形车床能仿照样板或样件的形状尺寸，自动完成工件的加工循环，适用于形状较复杂
的工件的小批和成批生产，生产率比普通车床高10～15倍。有多刀架、多轴、卡盘式、立式等类型。
立式车床的主轴垂直于水平面，工件装夹在水平的回转工作台上，刀架在横粱或立柱上
移动。适用于加工较大、较重、难于在普通车床上安装的工件，一般分为单柱和双柱两大类。
铲齿车床在车削的同时，刀架周期地作径向往复运动，用于铲车铣刀、滚刀等的成形齿面。通常带有铲磨附件，由单独电动机驱动的小砂轮铲磨齿面。
专门车床是用于加工某类工件的特定表面的车床，如曲轴车床、凸轮轴车床、车轮车床、车轴车床、轧辊车床和钢锭车床等。
联合车床主要用于车削加工，但附加一些特殊部件和附件后，还可进行镗、铣、钻、插、磨等加工，具有“一机多能”的特点，适用于工程车、船舶或移动修理站上的修配工作。

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