Lesson 1 修辞学习:
RHETORIC
  tenor (subject): the concept, object, or person meant in a metaphor
  vehicle (reference): a medium through which something is expressed, achieved, or displayed
  Simile: A simile makes a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The two things compared must be dissimilar and the basis of resemblance is usually an abstract quality. The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word "like" or "as".
Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air or water.
The water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephant's skin.
My very thoughts were like the ghostly rustle of dead leaves.
The bus went as slowly as a snail.
Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall.
The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, and not in the nature of the things themselves.
As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
  Metaphor: A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than stated. Some say it the substitution of one thing for another, or the identification of two things from different ranges of thought. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblance between two unlike things is clearly stated, in a metaphor nothing is mentioned. It is often loosely defined as "an implied comparison", " a simile without 'like' or 'as'".
Metaphor is considered the most important and basic poetic figure and also the commones
t the most beautiful.
Snow clothes the ground.
The town was stormed after a long siege.
Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels.
  Metaphor:
dark cavern, fairyland, maze, honeycomb, etc
form a closely
  Simile:
a vast sombre cavern of a room
  Onomatopoeia:
creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.
tinkling, banging, clashing
  Personification:
The Middle Easter bazaar
dancing flashes
The beam sinks…taut and protesting
  Hyperbole:
takes you ...hundreds even thousands of years
every conceivable, innumerable lamps, incredibly young, with the dust of centuries
Onomatopoeia:
pulleys  creak:
(to make) the sound of a badly-oiled door when it opens
When you move in a wooden bed, it creaks.
The hinge of the door needs oiling, it creaks every time it is opened.
  squeak:
(to make) a short very high but not loud sound
the squeak of a mouse
  rumble:
(to make) a deep continuous rolling sound
The thunder / the big guns rumbled in the distance.
I am hungry, my stomach is rumbling.
  grunt:
(of certain animals, to make) short deep rough sounds in the throat, as if the nose were closed, such as the deep short sound characteristic of a hog, or a man making a similar sound expressing disagreement, boredom, irritation
  sigh:
(to let out) a deep breath slowly and with a sound, usu. expressing tiredness, sadness, or satisfaction We all heaved a sigh of relief when the work was done.
  groan:
(to make) a sound caused by the movement of wood or metal parts heavily loaded, (to make) a deep sound forced out by pain, or expressing despair
The patient groaned as he was lifted on to the stretcher.
The ancient chair gave a groan when the fat woman sat down on it.
The roof creaked and groaned under the weight of the snow.
补充：修辞小结
高级英语第一册第一课 
1． historical present  历史现在时 一种特定的修辞手法，使用这种时态是为了使所描写事件显得更为生动、形象、逼真。
Eg: The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds----even thousands of years. （动词的一般现在时）
2. contrast  作比较  形成悬殊的差别
Eg: 1).You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see…
  2). … a vast ramshackle apparatus of beams and ropes and pulleys which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels.
3．Onomatopoeia  拟声词  用对声音特质形象地模拟给予读者生动的听觉感受，使读者如身
临其境，亲耳听到一般。
Eg: 1). Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way…
  2).As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear.
  3). Ancient girders creak and groan…
  4). … it’s creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grindingwheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels.
4. personification 拟人

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