构造函数 多态 继承 封装
    英文回答：
    Constructor: A constructor is a special method in a class that is used to initialize objects of that class. It is called automatically when an object is created. In other words, it is used to set the initial values of the object's attributes or to perform any other necessary setup tasks. Constructors can have parameters, allowing different objects to be initialized with different values. For example, in a class representing a car, the constructor may take parameters such as the car's make, model, and color.
    Polymorphism: Polymorphism is the ability of an object to take on many forms. In object-oriented programming, it refers to the concept of using a single interface to represent different types of objects. This allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. Polymorphism is achieved through method overriding and method overloading. For example, a superclass "Animal" may have a method called "makeSound", and its subclasses "Dog" and "Cat" can override this method to make different sounds.
    Inheritance: Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming that allows classes to inherit properties and behaviors from other classes. It enables code reuse and promotes the creation of more organized and modular code. Inheritance is implemented using the "extends" keyword in Java and the ":" symbol in Python. For example, a class "Car" can inherit from a class "Vehicle", allowing the Car class to inherit the attributes and methods of the Vehicle class.
java重载
    Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the process of hiding the internal details of an object and providing a public interface to interact with it. It is one of the key principles of object-oriented programming and helps in achieving data abstraction and data security. Encapsulation is implemented by declaring the attributes of a class as private and providing public getter and setter methods to access and modify those attributes. For example, a class representing a bank account may have private attributes such as account number and balance, and public methods such as getBalance and deposit to interact with those attributes.
    中文回答：
    构造函数，构造函数是类中的一种特殊方法，用于初始化该类的对象。当创建对象时，构造函数会自动调用。换句话说，它用于设置对象属性的初始值或执行其他必要的设置任务。构造函数可以具有参数，允许使用不同的值初始化不同的对象。例如，在表示汽车的类中，构造函数可以接受参数，如汽车的制造商、型号和颜。
    多态性，多态性是对象能够呈现多种形式的能力。在面向对象编程中，它指的是使用单一接口来表示不同类型的对象的概念。这允许将不同类的对象视为共同超类的对象。多态性通过方法重写和方法重载实现。例如，一个超类 "动物" 可以有一个名为 "发出声音" 的方法，它的子类 "狗" 和 "猫" 可以重写这个方法以发出不同的声音。
    继承，继承是面向对象编程中的一个基本概念，它允许类从其他类中继承属性和行为。它实现了代码重用，并促进了更有组织和模块化的代码的创建。继承在Java中使用 "extends" 关键字，在Python中使用 ":" 符号来实现。例如，一个类 "汽车" 可以继承自一个类 "车辆"，使得汽车类可以继承车辆类的属性和方法。
    封装，封装是隐藏对象内部细节并提供公共接口与之交互的过程。它是面向对象编程的关键原则之一，有助于实现数据抽象和数据安全性。封装通过将类的属性声明为私有，并提供
公共的getter和setter方法来访问和修改这些属性。例如，表示银行账户的类可以有私有属性，如账号和余额，以及公共方法，如getBalance和deposit来与这些属性进行交互。

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