Section Ⅲ　Grammar——由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
①A real friend is someone who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
②Social media like blogs has come between us and the friends whom we love.
③A real friend is someone who sees our true self，not just the face that we show to the world.
④Yet these days，the modern tools that keep us connected are eating away at the meaning of friendship.
⑤A real friend is someone whose support we can count on.
⑥The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday.
⑦“Sharing”our experiences on social media is not enough to express the values which matter most to us.
⑧“Liking”our friend’s photos online does not develop the connection which we share.
【自主发现】
1.句①、③中的定语从句中使用了关系代词who，在定语从句中作主语。
2.句②中的定语从句使用了关系代词whom，在定语从句中作宾语。此时，可用who替换。
3.句③、④中的定语从句使用了关系代词that，在定语从句中作主语(句④)和宾语(句③)。
4.句⑤、⑥中的定语从句使用了关系代词whose，在定语从句中作定语；关系代词whose既可以指人也可以指物。
5.句⑦、⑧中的定语从句使用了关系代词which，在定语从句中作主语(句⑦)和宾语(句⑧)。
6.从上面八个句子可以看出，关系代词who常用来指代人；关系代词which常用来指代事物；关系代词that既可以指人也可以指物；关系代词whom只能用来表示人的宾格；关系代词whose用来表示人或物的所有格。
一、定语从句的定义
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、关系代词的基本用法
1.that的用法
that既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。
The children that are injured in the car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
在车祸中受伤的孩子们正在医院接受。
There is a film (that) I’d like to see.
有一部我想去看的电影。
2.which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。
Guilin is a city which has a history of 2，000 years.
桂林是座有2 000年历史的城市。
This is the hotel (which) I stayed at when I was travelling here.
这就是我在这儿旅行时住过的旅馆。
3.who的用法
who指人，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
The man who is talking with my father is a policeman.
正在与我父亲谈话的那个人是警察。
The professor (who) you wish to see has gone abroad.
你希望见的那位教授出国了。
4.whom的用法
whom指人，在从句中作宾语，有时也可用who代替。
The woman whom/who you saw just now is our English teacher.
你刚才看见的那位女士是我们的英语老师。
5.whose的用法
(1)whose既可指人也可指物，在从句中修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。
This is the woman scientist whose name is known all over the country.
这就是那位闻名全国的女科学家。
He lives in a room whose window faces north.
他住在一个窗子朝北的房间里。
(2)“whose＋名词”可以转化为“the＋名词＋of which/whom”， 因为在此结构中whose作前置定语，可以转化为介词短语of which/whom作后置定语。
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.
→This is the scientist the name of whom is known all over the country.
He lives in a house whose door is broken.
→He lives in a house the door of which is broken.
(1)用适当的关系代词填空
①The boy who/that broke the window is called Tom.
②This is the building whose windows were all painted green.
③The author whom/who/that you criticized in your review has written a reply.
④Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.
(2)用定语从句合并句子
⑤I’d like to take care of the child.Her mother died recently.
→I’d like to take care of the child whose__mother__died recently.
⑥The woman is my mother.You are looking after her.
→The woman that/who/whom__you__are__looking__after is my mother.
⑦Last week Mary wore the dress.I gave it to her.
→Last week Mary wore the dress that/which__I__gave__to__her.
三、特殊用法
当先行词是way且它在定语从句中作方式状语时，它后面定语从句的相应关系词用that或in which或省略关系词。
The way (that/in which) you look at the problem is wrong.
你看待问题的方式是错误的。
单句语法填空
①Treat others in the way that__/in__which/不填 you want to be treated.
②The reason include of 用法why/for__which he didn’t come was that he was ill.
四、关系代词指物时只用that不用which的情况
在限制性定语从句中，关系代词指物时只能用that而不用which的情况：
1.当先行词是all，little，few, anything, everything，nothing等不定代词时。
The old man tried to write down all that he had gone through in his life.
这位老人尽力把他平生经历的事情都写下来。
Can you give me anything that has no sugar inside?
能不能给我点儿里面没有糖的东西？
2.当先行词是序数词或形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the first two-storey bus that runs in our city.
这是第一辆运行于我市的双层公交车。
Guilin is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.
桂林是我游览过的最美丽的城市。
3.当先行词被the only，the very，the right等修饰时。
This is the very scarf that mother has been looking for.
这就是妈妈一直在的那条围巾。
4.当先行词既有人又有物时。
Can you tell me the people and events that you saw in Britain？你能告诉我你在英国见到的人和事吗？
用适当的关系代词填空
①That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop.
②The most interesting book that I want to read is Howl’s moving castle.
③The most important thing that we should consider is the first idea that he has mentioned in his speech.

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