一、长难句翻译
79.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
80.We can't say for sure whether a global nuclear war would cause a nuclear winter that is severe enough to pose an existential threat to humanity.
二、长难句翻译解析
79.While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.
01断句
该句的信号词有：
①标点符号逗号 ②从句引导词that ③从句划分
所以断句完成后如下：
While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, / they also understood / that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country / they helped to create.
02主谓，定主从
第一个主谓结构是Washington and Jefferson expressed；第二个主谓结构是they understood ; 第三个主谓结构是it was ;第四个主谓结构是：they helped;
根据信号词也可以判断该句有3个从句，完后标记如下：
While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, / they also understood / that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country / they helped to create.
03分析主句和从句
本句的主干是：they
①前半句是While引导的让步状语从句，while在这里的意思是“虽然，尽管”，从句的主语是Washington华盛顿和Jefferson杰斐逊这两个人，谓语是expressed。
学习一下本部分的重点词汇：
privately: adv.单独，私下；私下地
eg: Privately, Harriet had to agree.
哈丽雅特私下里不得不同意。
distaste: n.不喜欢，厌恶，反感
eg: her distaste for any form of promise
她对任何形式的妥协的反感
slavery: n. 奴隶制度;奴役
eg: They thought slavery was morally wrong.
他们当时认为奴隶制是不道义的。
②这部分中，是本句的主干部分，主句主语是they，谓语是understood。后面that引导的是宾语从句，作understood的宾语。it指代slavery。part of: ...的一部分
学习一下本部分的重点词汇：
political：adj.政治上的，政权的，有关行政的
eg: Education is now a major political issue.
教育目前是个主要的政治议题。expressed翻译
bedrock: n. 基本事实，基本原则；基石，基础
eg: Marriage and children are the bedrock of family life.
婚姻和子女是家庭生活的基础。
③最后一部分是一个小定语从句，因为做从句中的宾语，所以省略了连词that。定语从句修饰country。
04参考译文
尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私下里都表达了对奴隶制的反感，但是他们也都知道奴隶制是他们努力创建的国家的政治和经济基石的一部分。
80.We can't say for sure whether a global nuclear war would cause a nuclear winter that is severe enough to pose an existential threat to humanity.
01断句
该句的信号词有：
①连词引导词whether ②从句主语划分 ③连词引导词that ④介词to
所以断句完成后如下：
We can't say for sure / whether a global nuclear war / would cause a nuclear winter / that is severe enough / to pose an existential threat to humanity.
03
分析主句和从句
本句的主干是：We can't say for sure
①这是句子的主干部分，主语是We，谓语是say。say在这里与介词for连用，say for sure的意思是：有把握的说，肯定的说。通常用在非正式文体中，口语中常用，[for sure]是固定搭配短语，意思是：肯定的，确切的。例句如下：
No one knows for sure what really happened.
没有人确切知道到底发生了什么事。
②whether引导宾语从句，作前面动词短语say for sure的宾语。意思是：是否...
从句的主语是a global war,谓语部分是would cause。
本部分重点词汇：
nulclear: adj.原子核的，核能的；核武器的。
eg: a nuclear power station 核电站
nuclear winter: 核冬天
注释：核冬天假说是一个关于全球气候变化的理论，它预测了一场大规模核战争可能产生的气候灾难。
③最后半部分是that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词nuclear winter。that在引导的定语从句中充当主语。[enough to do sth]是：足以...;能够做....与前面的形容词severe搭配，译为：足以严重到...
本部分的重点词汇：
pose a threat（to）: 对....造成威胁
eg:Officials claim the chemical poses no real threat.
官员们称这种化学物质不会构成实际的威胁。
existential: adj. 关于人类存在的；存在主义的
humanity: n.人，人类（总称）
eg: We want a clean healthy environment for all humanity.
我们希望全人类拥有一个干净健康的生存环境。
04参考译文
我们无法确定全球核战争是否会导致核冬天的发生，它的发生会严重到足以对人类生存产生威胁。
三、长难句拓展
1.Probably one of the most stressful matters for young college students is establishing their sexual identity, which includes relating to the opposite sex and projecting the future roles as men or women.
可能年轻的大学生们面临的最紧张的问题之一就是构建自己的性别身份,这包括与异性之间的关系和对他们作为男性或女性的未来角的规划。
主语：one of the most stressful matters for young college students
谓语动词：is
表语:establishing their sexual identity (动名词短语)
修饰语：which includes relating to the as men or women (非限定性定语从句修饰 ''establishing their sexual identity'')
2.During the course I had e to realize that while my world was expanding and new options were opening for me, my father, who was in his sixties, was seeing his world shrink and his options narrow. (para. 6)
在这门课中我渐渐意识到，当我的世界在扩展，新的选择不断出现时，我的父亲，在年过花甲之时，正在目睹自己的世界缩小，选择变少。
修饰语：during the course (状语)
主语：I
谓语动词：had e to realize
宾语从句：that while his options narrow
宾语从句内部结构：主句：my father was seeing his world shrink and his options narrow
修饰语：who was in his sixties (非限定性定语从句)
从句：while my world was expanding and new options were opening for me (状语从句)
这里其实还有一种看法，可以把to realize到最后看成是动词不定式短语作谓语动词had e的宾语，宾语从句嵌套在动词不定式短语的内部。

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