Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪）
For many years, the optical transit was the surveyor’s tool of choice to measure angles.
By the 1970s, however, the electronic theodolite began to replace the transit since it could measure angles more accurately on both the horizontal and vertical axes. In the early 1980s, “total stations,” which measure distances very accurately by using electronic distance meters (EDMs), became the instrument of choice. Then in late 1990, Geodimeter, Dandryd Sweden introduced the first “robotic total station” adding automatic tracking and radio communication to a radio and data collector at the “target” or pole. Thus, for the first time, no person was required at the instrument——only at the target, reducing the size of a survey crew.
Total Station （全站仪）
A total station is the most commonly used instruments now in geomatics engineering, which is fully integrated instrument that capture all the spatial data necessary for a 3-dimensional positional information.
A total station integrates the functions of an electronic theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder.
All total stations have similar constructional features regardless of their age or level of technology, and all perform basically the same functions.
After the instrument has been set up on a control station, centered, leveled and properly oriented, and the prism target has been set up over another point whose position is to be measured, the surveyor may focus the target and depress a button. Then output from the horizontal and vertical circular encoders and from the EDM can be displayed at the instrument and stored in a data collector and enters into a built-in microprocessor. The microprocessor can convert the measured slope distance to the horizontal distance using the measured vertical or zenith angle.
The microprocessor also computes the difference in elevation between the instrument center and the prism target. If the elevation of the instrument center (the HI) and the height of the reflector target (the HT) above the ground are entered, the microprocessor computes
the elevation of the target station taking into account the effect of curvature and refraction.
Furthermore the microprocessor can also compute the resolution of the horizontal distance together with the current horizontal direction, expressed as an azimuth, into a coordinate of the target station.In construction layout measurement, the data necessary to establish the direction and distance from a control point to locate a construction point can be entered into the instrument via the keyboard or directly from an office computer.
Then the surveyor guides the person holding the prism along the line of computed direction until the distance to the point to be located agrees with the computed distance.
All displayed outputs can also be recorded or stored in electronic field book for further calculations in a computer.
Total stations allow the measurement of many points on a surface being observed within a very short time range.
Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪）
A late 1980s adaption of the total station is the addition of servo motors to drive both the horizontal and the vertical motions of these instruments. For all the complex electronics inside a robotic total station, the motion is still provided by simple servo motors with a reduction gear system. The end result must be lightweight, durable and fast and have sub-second positioning accuracy.
expressed翻译When those total stations have been designed with automatic target recognition (ATR) function, they allow the user to automatically track, measure and record targets. Current technology provides robotic (motorized) total stations that are able to measure angles with an accuracy of ±0.5″and distances with an accuracy of ±1mm+1ppm to a range of 3500m.
Latest models are capable of searching automatically for targets and then locking onto them precisely, turning angles automatically to designated points using the uploaded coordinates of those points, repeating angles by automatically double-centering, and even equipped with automatic data transfer systems.
These instruments, when combined with a remote controller held by the prism surveyor, en
able the survey to proceed with a reduced need for personnel. All these characteristics make the robotic total stations very useful for geomatics engineering tasks. Using a robotic total station with ATR, first, the telescope must be pointed roughly at the target prism—either manually or under software control—and then the instrument does the rest.

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