Unit 4
Text A
|工作、劳动和玩耍Work, Labor, and Play
威斯坦·H·奥登
Preface
We go to work every day and we think we are workers. However, after reading Auden's discussion about work, labor, and play, the majority of us may find that we are no longer "workers". What are we then?
就我所知,汉娜·阿伦特小是界定工作和劳动之间本质区别的第一人。一个人要想快乐,第一要有自由感,第二要确信自己有价值。如果社会迫使一个人去做他自己不喜欢的事,或者说,他所喜欢做的事被社会忽视,看作没有价值或不重要,那他就不会真正快乐。在一个严格意义上已废除奴隶制的社会里,一个人做的事情是否具有社会价值取决于他是否为完成此项工作得到了报酬。
然而,今天的劳动者可以被称为名副其实的工资奴隶。如果社会给一个人提供一份他本人不感兴趣的工作,他出于养家糊口的需要不得已才从事这项工作,那这个人就是一个劳动者。
So far as I know, MissHannah Arendtwas the first person to define the essential difference between work and labor. To be happy, a man must feel, firstly, free and, secondly, important. He cannot be really happy if he is compelled by society to do what he does not enjoy doing, or if what he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value or importance. In a society where slaveryin the strict sensehas beenabolished, whether what a man does has social value depends on whether he is paid money to do it, but alaborertoday can rightly be called awageslave. A man is a laborer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity ofearning a livingand supporting his family.
与劳动相对的是玩耍。玩游戏时,我们能从中得到乐 趣,否则就不会玩这个游戏。但这完全是一种私人的活动,我们玩不玩这个游戏社会是不会关注的。
The opposite to labor is play. When we play a game, we enjoy what we are doing, otherwis
e we should not play it, but it is a purely private activity;society could not care less whether we play it or not.
处在劳动和玩耍之间的是工作。如果一个人对社会为他支付报酬的工作感兴趣,他就是一个工作者。从社会角度看是必需的劳动在他自己看来却是自愿的玩耍。一个职位是劳动还是工作,并不取决于这个职位本身,而是取决于占据这个职位的个人自己的情趣。这种差异与体力劳动和脑力劳动之间的差异并不吻合。譬如,一个园丁或者鞋匠也许就是一个工作者,而一个银行职员则可能是一个劳动者。一个人是工作者还是劳动者可以从他对闲暇的态度上看出来。对于一个工作者来说,闲暇不过是他需要放松、休息从而进行有效工作的几个小时,所以,他可能只有少量的闲暇,而不会有大量的空闲。工作者可能会死于心脏病,并会忘记自己妻子的生日。而对于劳动者来说,闲暇就意味着摆脱强制,所 以,他自然会想象：他不得不花费在劳动上的时间越少,而自由自在地玩耍的时间越多,那才越好。
Between labor and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do;what from the point of view of society is necessary labor is from his own point of viewvoluntaryplay. Whether a job is to beclassifiedas labor or work de
pends, not on the job itself, but on the tastes of the individual who undertakes it.The difference does not, for example,coincide withthe difference between a manual and a mental job;agardeneror acobblermay be a worker, a bank clerk a laborer. Which a man is can be seen from his attitude toward leisure. To a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently. He is therefore more likely to take too little leisure than too much; workers die of heart attacks and forget their wives' birthdays. To the laborer, on the other hand, leisure means freedom fromcompulsion, so that it is natural for him to imagine that the fewer hours he has to spend laboring, and the more hours he is free to play, the better.
在一个现代化的技术社会里,总人口中有多大比例的人能够像我一样有幸成为工作者呢？我估计大概有16％,而 且,我认为这个数字将来也不会增加。
What percentage of the population in a modern technological society are, like myself, in the fortunate position of being workers?At a guessI would say sixteen per cent, and I do not think that figure is likely to get bigger in the future.
技术和劳动的分工成就了两件事：通过在许多领域取消了特别才能和技术的需要,把过去本来令人愉快的大量受雇职业的工作变成了令人厌倦的劳动；通过提高生产力,缩短了劳动所需的时间。已经可以想象出这样一个社会：其人口的大多数,也就是其中的劳动者们,将会享受到早期贵族们才能享受到的几乎同样多的休闲。当人们回想起过去贵族们的举止行为时,前景并非乐观。的确,在未来这样一个大众社会里,人们要解决"无聊"这个问题,也许比过去的贵族们要困难得多。后者〔贵族们把他们的时间都仪式化了,譬如,有打松鸡的季节,有在城镇消磨的季节等等。广大民众更有可能以时尚来取代一成不变的仪式,而时尚将会为了某些人的经济利益频繁地变化。再者,广大民众也不会再去狩猎,因为,要不了多久可供猎取的动物就没有了。至于贵族们其他的消遣项目,比如赌博、决斗和战争,人们可以轻而易举地从危险驾驶、吸食和毫无理性的暴力行为中到同样的乐趣。工作者很少从事暴力活动,他们可以把自己的"敌对心理"用在工作上,不管是工匠的体力活,还是科学 家、艺术家的脑力活。"敌对心理"在脑力劳动中的作用可以在"紧紧咬住问题"这个短语里得到恰如其分的表达。
Technology and thedivisionof labor have done two things: by eliminating in many fields the need for special strength or skill, they have made a very large number of paid occupations whichformerlywere enjoyable work into boring labor, and by increasing productivity they ha
ve reduced the number of necessary laboring hours.It is already possible to imagine a society in which the majority of the population, that is to say, its laborers, will have almost as much leisure as in earlier times was enjoyed by thearistocracy.When one recalls how aristocracies in the past actually behaved, the prospect is not cheerful. Indeed, the problem of dealing withboredommay be even more difficult for such a futuremasssociety than it was for aristocracies. The latter, for example,ritualizedtheir time; there was a season to shootgrouse, a season to spend in town, etc.The masses are more likely to replace an unchanging ritual byfashionwhich changes as often as possible in the economic interest of certain people.Again, the masses cannotgo in forhunting, for very soon there would be no animals left to hunt. For otheraristocraticamusements likegambling,dueling, andwarfare, it may beonly tooeasy to find equivalents in dangerous driving, drug-taking, andsenselessacts of violence.Workers seldom commit acts of violence, because they can put their aggression into their work,be it physical like the work of asmith, or mental like the work of a scientist or an artist. The role of aggression in mental work isaptlyexpressed by thephrase"getting one's teeth intoa problem".
Text B
职业或事业的选择Choosing an Occupation or Careerexpressed翻译
杰拉尔德·科里
Preface
Choosing an occupation is an important decision. When making a decision such as this, it is essential to look critically at yourself, and examine your values, interests, abilities, etc. The following text provides you with some insightful advice on the factors worth considering when choosing an occupation or career.
你想从工作中得到什么？在选择职业或行业时,你最看重的因素是什么？我在一所大学职业咨询中心的工作中发 现,许多学生没有认真考虑过他们为什么选择某一职业。对于一些人来说,他们择业的主要原因是来自父母的压力或鼓励。另一些人则把当律师、工程师或医生理想化了。我指导过的许多人在决定职业时,没有审视过自己认为最有价值的东西是什么,也没有考虑过在选定的职业中,是否能够实现这些价值。在选择职业,或者对过去选择的职业进行评估
时,你也许会考虑哪些因素真正对你最有意义。
What do you expect from work? What factors do you give the most attention to in selecting a career or an occupation? In my work at a university counseling center I've discovered that many students haven't really thought seriously about why they are choosing agivenvocation. For some, parental pressure orencouragementis the major reason for their choice.Others haveidealizedviews of what it will be like to be a lawyer, engineer, or doctor.Many people I've counseled regarding career decisions haven't looked at what they value the most and whether these values can be attained in their chosen vocation. In choosing your vocation or evaluating the choices you've madepreviously, you may want to consider which factors really mean the most to you.
选择职业不是一个孤立的事件,而是一个历时较长的过程。从事职业发展研究的人员发现,在选择职业,或者更典型的是,在选择自己将会从事的几种职业时,大多数人都会经历一系列不同的阶段。在职业选择决策过程中,下列因素显然是重要的：自我概念、兴趣、能力、价值观、职业态 度、社会经济地位、父母的影响、种族身份、性别以及身 体、智力、情感和社交方
面的缺陷等。让我们考虑一下与择业有关的一些因素,要牢记职业选择是一个过程,而不是一个孤立的事件。我们将审视在事业选择时的自我概念、职业态度、能力、兴趣及价值观所起的作用。
Making vocational choices is a process thatspansa considerable period of time, rather than an isolated event. Researchers in career development have found that most peoplego througha series of stages in choosing the occupation or, moretypically, occupations that they will follow. The following factors have been shown to be important in determining a person's occupational decision-making process:self-concept, interests, abilities, values, occupational attitudes,socio-economiclevel, parental influence,ethnicidentity, gender, and physical, mental, emotional, and social handicaps. Let's consider some of these factors related to career decision making, keeping in mind that vocational choice is a process, not an event. We'll look at the role of self-concept, occupational attitudes, abilities, interests, and values in choosing a career.

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