1. Enlightenment:
a. The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century.进步的智力运动
steeleb. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.
总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具
c. English enlighteners differed in some way from those of France “cleared the minds of men for the coming revolution,” the English enlighteners set no revolutionary aims before them. They strove to bring it to an end by clearing away the feudal ideas with the bourgeois ideology.
英国和法国的资产阶级启蒙主义者观念上存在一定差异。法国的启蒙哲学家和作家声称，“清除人么头脑中的陈腐观念是为将来的革命做准备”而英国的启蒙认识则没有革命的目标。他们努力使其终结通过消除封建思想与资产阶级意识形态。
d. The representatives are Joseph Addison, Richard Steele (essayists), Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift (novelists), and Alexander Pope
2. Renaissance
a. The Renaissance refers to the period between 14th -17th century, it first started in Italy.
b. The Renaissance means rebirth and revival, the discovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.
c. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance, Man is the measure of all things. The humanism praised human nature and emphasized the dignity of human beings and the present life.
d. They thought man had the right to enjoy the beauty of life and had the ability to perfect himself and made wonders, which got ready for the appearance of the great Elizabethan writers in Britain. Poetry and drama were the most outstanding literary forms.
e. Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, etc. were the remarkable representatives.
3. Romanticism
a. A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the19th century, beginning as a revolt against起义classicism.
b. There have been many varieties of Romanticism in many different times and places.
c. Romanticism was characterized by a heightened interest强烈的兴趣 in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.背离了古典主义的观点和形式
c. Many of the ideas of English Romanticism were first expressed by the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
4. Critical realism
a. The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of the fifties.
b. The critical realism described with much vividness and great artistic skin of the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist the system from a democratic viewpoint. The realists not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but showed profound sympathy for the common people.
c. Rlence the use of humor and satire in the English realistic novels of the 19th century was used to explore the seamy side of the bourgeoisie society.
d. Though the sketches of various negative characters given birth to the capitalist system. Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.
e. Charles Dickens and William M. Thackeray are the great realist in England. 
5. Theme
The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work. All the elements of a literary work-plot, setting, characterization, and figurative language-contribute to the development of its theme.
主题：一篇文学作品中作家预期表达的关于生活的观点或见解。作品中所有其他的元素——情节、背景、人物描写和比喻用语都是围绕主题展开的。
6. Dramatic monologue
A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.
戏剧独白：在一种叙事诗里面，一个人物对其他的人物讲话但并没有交代他们的回答，这种场合往往对反映说话人的性格特征和诗歌的主题是至关重要的。

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