1、The Anglo-Saxon Period盎格鲁撒克逊时期(strength & somberness)
The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions---pagan 异教and Christian基督教
Cynewulf 基涅武甫 the author of poem on religious subject 宗教诗
Caedmon 凯德蒙 the father of English song 用诗歌的形式译圣经
The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England's national epic and its hero Beowulf--- one of the national heroes of the English people.作者不明 Grendel格伦德尔-a monster half-human
The only existing manuscript of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1705.The whole epic consists of 3182 lines and is to be decided into 2 parts with an interpolation between the two.
The forefathers of the Jutes
2、The Anglo-Norman Period
盎格鲁-诺曼底时期（bright，romantic tales of love and adventure  English language became)
The three chief effects of the conquest were: 1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England 2. the growth of nationality 3. the new language and literature, which were proclaimed in Chaucer
Three classes: the Matter of France, the Matter of Greece and Rome, the Matter of Britain
King Arthur「亚瑟王」
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文骑士和绿衣骑士
3、Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里•乔叟(首创heroic couplet)，the ＂father of English poetry" and  one of the greatest narrative poets of England. It is characteristic that his allegories and symbols are already tinged with realistic images.
English tonico-syllabic verse
London dialect
The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（本应有32个香客，128个故事，最终只完成了24个）Prologue总引is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature. In this poem Chaucer's realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. His work is permeated with buoyant free-thinking, so characteristic of the age of Renaissance whose immediate forerunner Chaucer thus became.
4、The Renaissance 文艺复兴
The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism蒙昧主义
They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment
and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.
Thus Wyatt 怀亚特was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.
Christopher Marlowe made blank verse无韵体诗
William Shakespeare was one of the first founder of realism. Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life. “to be or not to be”.
Francis Bacon培根his work of three classes: philosophical, literary, professional works. The largest and important works Maxims of the law and Reading on the Statute of Uses. Of Truth & Of studies
5、Revolution & Restoration
Metaphysical poets玄学诗 Restoration（witty and clever, but on whole immoral and cynical）
John Milton约翰弥尔顿（文艺复兴之子）his greatest work Paradies lost presents the his views in an allegoric religious form. Paradies lost(12 books marked for its intricate and contradictory composition, based on the bible legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race, Adam, Eve, Satan)
John Bunyan班扬 The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程written in the old-fashion, medieval form of allegory and dream.
6、Enlightenment (man)
Three main divisions: the reign of so-called classism, the revival of romantic poetry, the beginning of the modest novel. Prose rather than poetry.
代表人物 Joesph Addison& Richard Steele
steelePope( elaborate heroic couplets) Henry Field and Tobias George Smollet are the real founders of bourgeois realistic novel. The most outstanding personality of the epoch of Enlightenment in England was Jonathan Swift---Gulliver’s Travels. -(Lilliput)
Sentimentalism---Laurence Sterne Pre-romanticism  “Gothic Novel”
Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe
7、The Romantic Period
William Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism.
William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads
The most important and decisive factor in the development of literature is economics. It was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution.
Thus, a new class, proletariat, had sprung into existence.
The Revolution proclaimed the natural rights of man and the abolition of class distinctions.
“liberty, equality and fraternity”
The Reform Bill of 1832 shifted the center of political power to the middle class.
Romanticism beginning with the publication of Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads, ending with Walter Scott’s death.
The 18th century was distinctively an age of prose.

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