1．Romance:  a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a  noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.
2．Renaissance:  a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.
3．Sonnet:  14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.
4．Enlightenment:  a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.
5．Neoclassicism:  the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.
6．Romanticism:  imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subject
ivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.
7．Byronic Heroes:  a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.
8．Realism:  seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.
9．Aestheticism:  an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.
10．Stream-of-Consciousness:  it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode.
11．Epic:  a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)
1、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)
2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》 ( national epic 民族史诗 ) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）
例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved,
To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.
二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章
1、romance 传奇文学
2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗
三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟 时期
1、the father of English poetry
steele2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)
3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)
大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.
小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.
小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运).
4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣 ：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).
代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔
四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期
（Greek and Roman） 戏剧 drama 诗章 canto
The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts andsciences. 文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama
1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement
2、代表人物： 1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦  2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一个散文家(essayist)  3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人
sonnet(十四行诗)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter
4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗) 5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse(无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格) 是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。 6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚 戏剧 drama
四大悲剧：Hamlet，Othello，King Lear，The Tragedy of Macbeth
五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟
prose 散文 1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals. 清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。 

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