Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来
1: I was having dinner at a restaurant when Harry Steele came in. Harry worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.
1)    过去进行时:1>概念: 表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为:was /were + V-ing。常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:last night, last Saturday等;或者与when, while, as引导的过去时间状语连用。
    2>基本用法
<1>. 过去进行时的基本用法主要表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。   
如:He fell asleep when he was reading. 他看书时睡着了。   
<2>. 用过去进行时表示现在主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。   
如:I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。   
【注】一般过去时也有类似用法,但比较而言,用过去进行时显得更客气,更不肯定。   
<3>. 过去进行时表示感情彩与现在进行时相似,过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情彩,也通常与 always, forever, continually等副词连用。   
如:They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。   
<4>. 动词be的过去进行时
动词be的进行时也可表示过去一时的表现或暂时的状态。   
比较:He was friendly. 他很友好。(指过去长期如此)   
He was being friendly. 他当时显得很友好。(指当时一时的表现)   
补充:when 的后面加一般过去时,而且动词是非延续性动词。   while 的后面加过去进行时,动词是延续性动词。
  3>特殊用法
<1>、当句子意思很清楚时,我们也可以把两个动词都换成一般过去时   
We listened carefully while the teacher read the text.老师读课文时,我们都仔细地听着。   
<2>、表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。用于come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置转移的动词时,也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。   
如:He told me that he was going soon.他告诉我他很快就要走了。   
<3>、表示故事发生的背景。   
It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.那支医疗小组往前线行进时,天正下着雪。 <4>、表示一个新的动作刚刚开始。   
过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作,这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。   
Five minutes later, he stood in the doorway smoking a cigarette. 5分钟后,他已站在门口抽着烟。   
<5>、过去进行时还可和when结构遥相呼应,含有意外之意。   
I was walking in the street when someone called me. 我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。   
<6>、用来陈述原因或用作借口。   
She went to the doctor yesterday. She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.
她昨天去看病了。她患了很严重的心脏病。   
<7>、与always, constantly等词连用,表示感情彩。   
The girl was always changing her mind. 这女孩老是改变主意。
    4>常用的时间状语
  this morning, the whole morning, all day ,yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while ,at that time,. just now,a moment ago 
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself;  It was raining when they left the station.   
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
2)    at : 1>. in, on在方位名词前的区别
<1>. in表示A地在B地范围之内。如: Taiwan is in the southeast of China.
<2>. on表示A地与B地接壤、毗邻。如: North Korea is on the east of China.
  2>. at, in, on在表示时间上的区别
<1>. at指时间表示:
(1)时间的一点、时刻等。如:
They came home at sunrise (at noon, at midnight, at ten o’clock, at daybreak, at dawn).
(2)较短暂的一段时间。可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子。He went home at Christmas (at New Year, at the Spring Festival, at night).
<2>. in指时间表示:
(1)在某个较长的时间(如世纪、朝代、年、月、季节以及泛指的上午、下午或傍晚等)内。如:
in 2004, in March, in spring, in the morning, in the evening, etc
(2)在一段时间之后。一般情况下,用于将来时,谓语动词为瞬间动词,意为“在……以后”。如:
He will arrive in two hours.
谓语动词为延续性动词时,in意为“在……以内”。如:
These products will be produced in a month.
注意:after用于将来时间也指一段时间之后,但其后的时间是“一点”,而不是“一段”。如:
He will arrive after two o’clock.
<3>. on指时间表示:
(1)具体的时日和一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。如:
On Christmas Day(On May 4th), there will be a celebration.
(2)在某个特定的早晨、下午或晚上。如:
He arrived at 10 o’clock on the night of the 5th.
(3)准时,按时。如:
If the train should be on time, I should reach home before dark.
  3>. at, in和on表示地点时的区别
1. at表示地点:
(1)用于指较小的地方。如: I shall wait for you at the station.
(2)用于门牌号码前。如: He lives at 115 Zhongshan Road.
2. in表示地点:
(1)用于指较大的地方。如: He lives in Shanghai.
(2)虽然是很小的地方,如果说话人住在那里,也可用in。商店、学校、机关等,若看作一个地点(point)用at,若看作一个场所(place)用in。如:I met him at the post-office.
I’m now working in the post-office.
3. on表示地点,一般指与面或线接触,意为“在……上;在……旁”。如:
The picture was hanging on the wall.    New York is on the Hudson River.
2:  He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from  his friends and never pays it back.
1)    salary: 指按年定下,按月或星期平均给予的报酬,指脑力劳动者的薪水。
wage: 多用复数形式,指按小时、日或星期的报酬,通常指体力劳动者的工资
  2):borrow: 1>. 可用作及物或不及物动词。如:
May I borrow your dictionary? 我可以借用你的词典吗?
Some people neither borrow nor lend. 有的人既不借也不贷。
Japanese has borrowed heavily from English. 日语借用了很多英语词汇。
2>. 一般不接双宾语,若要表示类似意思可用 borrow sth from [of] sb (用介词 of 比 from 更正式)。如:
I wanted to borrow some money from her, but she lent me nothing.我想向她借点钱,但她分文没借。
下面三句同义。May I borrow your pen? Please lend me your  pen.
steelePlease lend your pen to me. 请把钢笔借给我。
3>. borrow 表示借,是一时的动作,为终止性动词,因此它不与一段时间连用。
4> 汉语中的“借用”,不一定都可用 borrow 来表示,一般说来,borrow 只表示借用那些能够带走的东西 (如:书、钱、车、用具等),而对于那些不能带走的东西 (如:电话、图书室、厕所等)则宜用use。如:

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