定语由什么词性的词充当
定语是用来修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质与特征的. 主要有形容词,此外还有名词、代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词、定语从句或相当于形容词的词、短语或句子都可以作定语.
定语的位置一般有两种:用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语,用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语.
单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语.短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语.
1)定语前置
在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词,形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语.但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序.
其形容词遵循的词序为:限观形龄国材
指:限定词(一般指数量);外观(美丽等);形状(大小,高矮,肥瘦);年龄;颜;国籍;
材料;用途.
如:
1限定词2 外观 3形状 4年龄 5颜 6国籍 7材料 8用途
A famous American university.
An interesting little red French oil painting.
A new plastic bucket.
A purple velvet curtains.
An elegant German clock.
另外,有些形容词也有特殊的次序:
(1) 描述身体特征的形容词先于表示情感和性格特征的形容词
例如:a small lovely girl,a long patient queue,a pale anxious patient ;
(2) 表示颜的形容词放在表示情感和性格特征的形容词之后
例如:a kindly black teacher,an inquisitive brown dog ;
(3) little,old 和young 有时可以作为名词短语不可分割的一部分,所以可以直接放在名词之前,
例如:a lovely little girl
(4) 表示性格特征的形容词可以放在old young 之前,也可放在old young 之后,例如:
a young ambitious man (强调年龄),an ambitious young man(强调雄心勃勃).
当然,三个以上形容词连用作定语,就显得累赘,因此上面所说的情况一般较少出现.
(5)数词
数词作定语相当于形容词:Two boys need two pens.(two为定语,修饰名词boy:two修饰名词pen)/两个男孩需要两支钢笔.
The two boys are students.(two为定语,在此数词做形容词,修饰名词boy)/这两个男孩是学
生.
There are two boys in the room.(two为定语,在此数词做形容词,修饰名词boy)/房间里有两个男孩.
(6)特殊词
代词或名词所有格作定语:
His son needs Tom's pen.(his为定语,修饰名词son;Tom’s为定语,修饰名词pen)/他的儿子需要Tom的钢笔.
His name is Tom.(his为定语,修饰名词name)/他的名字是汤姆.
2)定语后置
(1)短语作定语一般后置
It was a conference fruitful of results. 那是一个硕果累累的会议.
He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子.
English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一门容易学但是难精通的语言.
The boys hardest to teach are all in his class.最难教的男生都在他的班里了.
(2)修饰some,any,no,every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置
Let’s go somewhere quiet. 咱们去个安静一点的地方吧.
There is nothing important in today's newspaper. 今天报纸上没有什么重要的东西.
Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗
(3)副词作定语
The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好.
They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间.
(4)动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语
He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人
This is the only transportation means available. 这是唯一可行的交通工具.
(5)起强调作用的单个分词
Everybody involved should stay here.每个(被)涉及到的人都应该呆在这里.
The college mentioned. (被)提及的大学.
不同成分
介词短语定语
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.(in the classroom 为定语,修饰名词boy;of yours为定语,修饰名词pen)/教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔.
The boy in blue is Tom.(in blue为定语,修饰名词boy)/穿蓝衣服的孩子是汤姆.
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.(two,three,of 9和of10为定语,修饰名词boy)/有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩.
形容词定语
所有的形容词,只要后面加名词,都是定语
名词定语
The boy needs a ball pen.(ball为定语,修饰名词pen)/男孩需要一支圆珠笔.
It is a ball pen.(ball为定语,修饰名词pen)/这是一支圆珠笔.
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box.(the pencil box为定语,修饰名词ball pen )/这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔.
副词定语
The boy there needs a pen.(there为定语,修饰名词boy)/那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔.
The best boy here is Tom.(here为定语,修饰名词boy)/这里最棒的男孩是Tom.
不定式定语
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.( to write this letter 为定语,修饰名词boy)/写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔.
The boy to write this letter is Tom.(to write this letter为定语, 修饰名词boy)/将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆.
There is nothing to do today.(to do为定语, 修饰名词nothing)/今天没有事要做.
分词(短语)定语
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.( smiling为定语, 修饰名词boy;bought by his mother为定语,修饰名词pen)/那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔.
somewhereThe pen bought by her is made in China.(bought by her 为定语,修饰名词pen)/她买的笔是中国产的.
There are five boys left.(five为定语,修饰名词boy;left为定语,修饰名词boy)/有五个留下的男孩.
定语从句
定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句.定语从句通常修饰名词或代词,对它进行限制、描绘和说明.受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词,引导定语从句的词语叫关系词.关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词.根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度,定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句.定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词.定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出.
关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等.
关系副词有:when,where,why等.
定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致.
1)who,whom,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man (who/that) wants to see you?
他就是想见你的那个人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man (whom/ that )I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书.
3)which,that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣.(which / that在句中作主语)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了.(which / that在句中作宾语)
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