英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有8种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。
1、一般现在时
主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.
She has a brother who lives in New York.
The earth goes around the sun.
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：
时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.
只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
考点四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
2、现在进行时
表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。
We are having English class.
The house is being built these days.
The little boy is always making trouble.
考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Look out when you are crossing the street.
Don\'t wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.
考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。
Marry is leaving on Friday.
3、现在完成时
表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：
考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
I have learned English for ten years.
考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,
Has it stopped raining yet?
考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完
成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for th
e last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等
考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。
This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
4．一般过去时
表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：
考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。
be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于
He used to smoke a lot.
He has got used to getting up early.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise
5. 过去进行时
表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio was being repaired when you called me.
6. 过去完成时
表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )
There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
They finished earlier than we had expected.
考点一：用于when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）
考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
It was 3 years since we had parted。
考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped that I could do the job.
I had intended to see you but I was too busy.
7. 一般将来时
表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。
Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.
考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：
We will begin our cla
ss as soon as the teacher comes.
（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）
考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use your head and you will find a way.
考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。
“am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。
“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
They are to be married in this May.
8、将来进行时
表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
9、将来完成时
表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。
考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.
By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
3．汉语时态表达系统的干扰
汉语的时间概念主要通过时间词和语助词表示，其动词的形式是不变的。因此，想当多的中学生在英语时态的习得过程中出现了许多中间语。在英语阅读理解中，只有在有明显时间词存在的条件下，学生才能感觉时间的存在；如果时间是通过动词形式（如谓语动词的过去式表示过去时）来表示特定时间，他们对时间的感知就不灵敏，或者根本没有感觉。如下列句子的谓语动词表示发生在过去的事件。
①.He was born in a small mountain village.
②. Luxin was from Zhejiang province.
③. It’s you, Tom. I didn’t recognize you at all.
4．不清楚动词的词汇意义和动词时态使用的关系
大多数高中生认为时态的使用取决于时间词和上下文所暗示的时间，但事实远非如此简单。英语动词的时态除了跟时间有关外，还取决于英语动词的词汇意义。换句话说，不同词汇意义的动词只能出现在一些时态中，却不能出现在另外一些时态中。一些常用的英语动词根据其词汇意义可以分为两大类，即动态动词和静态动词。动态动词又可分为五
小类：
①表示人行为的行为型；如：eat , take , do , walk , run , play, write ,and read 等。
②表示动作和行为变化的过程型。如，change, ripen ,develop ,grow ,age , improve, increase , decrease , reduce , widen，weaken 等。
③表示身体感受的感受型；如：feel，ache , hurt , itch ,pain , suffer, tickle, sting等。
④表示一种状态向另一种状态变化的过渡型；如：appear , turn up, die away, disappear, lose, go away, leave, setout/off, star out/off, take off, come ,arrive ,begin
,land , rise ,go up, get on ,fall, go /come down , sink ，等。
⑤表示动作发生后马上结束的瞬时型；如：hit ,jump, kick , knock ,nod , cough, fire ,tap 等。
动态动词的词汇意义是动作的操作，动作的进行，动作的过程，常蕴含不稳定性，尚未完成，变化等含义。而英语动词的进行时也主要表示在特定的时刻（段）正在进行，因此英语动词的进行时常常要求动态动词。静态动词通常不用在进行时中，如果使用，则表示下列特别意义：
①某种情绪
●Tom is constantly borrowing money from me .( 表达讨厌)
●Tom constantly borrows money from me (叙述事实)
②委婉客气
●I wonder if I can ask you a question .( 一般)
●I am wondering if I can ask you a question .(客气/尊重)
③强调受主语控制的有意识的行为
●I didn’t notice the sign.( 一般性的叙述)
●I wasn’t  noticing the sign.  （有意识的行为）
④表示动作的开始
● I understood what he said .（理解了）
● I was understanding what he said. (开始理解)。
而学生常常误认为：所有的动词只要通形式变化都可以实现进行时。
静态动词又可分为下列十一个小类：
①表示状态不变的保持型；如：be ,remain , matter , weigh , seem ,measure 等。
②表示决断，推断，请求，意愿的情态型；如：decide , require , order , permit , allow, believe , think, expect , suppose , imagine , guess ,advise , prefer, request , intend , insist , refuse ,determined , approve of , desire 等。
③爱憎型；如：like , love enjoy, care for , be fond of , hate , dislike 等。
④感觉型；如：see, hear , smell, taste , feel , look ,sound  等。tickle
⑤拥有型；如：have, own , possess, keep, belong to , lack , want , be short of , be without , owe 等。
⑥包含型；如：consist of , be made up of , make up , form ,contain , include 等。
⑦表示思想，心理过程／经历的认知型；如：know, understand ,realize , sense , be familiar , be aware of 等。
⑧异同型；如：resemble, look like, take after, differ from 等。
⑨相关型；如：concern , relate , have sth to do with , involve , refer to , contribute to , apply to 等。
⑩适合型；如；suit , become , fit , match , agree with 等。
静态性动词表示人和
事物固有的状态，关系，特征和情态等，通常含有经常性，习惯性，重复性，已经完成等意义。因此，静态动词与一般时密不可分。这是因为一般时也表示状态和动作的存在，动作的重复发生。然而普高生在时态的习得过程中很少对英语动词的词汇意义进行抽象，概括，归类；基本上把时态看成游离于动词意义以外的附加物。这就阻碍了高中生确切把握英语时态，进而造成在动词意义理解和使用过程中的诸多错误。
其次，根据英语动词所表示的动作所经历时间的长短，英语动词可分为起止性动词和延续性动词。一般地说，任何动作都经历开始，延续，结束的阶段。起止表明变化，延续表明保持，起止和延续相互转化；如：
起 延续 起（止） 延续
Go to bed  Stay in bed  Get up  Stay up 
Begin to speak Speak Stop speaking  Be silent 
Stand up  Stand  Sit down Sit 
Take off  Fly  Land  Stay in the airport 
动作与状态按顺序变化，动作和状态相互否定。常见的起止性动词有：
get, take , go, come ,put ,let, bring ,change ,move
等。延续性动词有：
remain ,stay, live , continue , be ,read
等。起止性动词只能用于表示动作刚刚完成并证据
/
影响还存在的完成时；如
: I have just got a new dictionary. (Now I have a new dictionary).
（我刚得到一本新字典。）而延续性动词只能用于动作发生在过去并延续到现在的完成时；如：
I have lived here for 5 years. (
我在这儿住了五年了。）然而，高中生常常混淆这两种现在完成时的用法，会写出下列不合英语语法的句子：
●Xiao Wang has joined the Party for 5 years.
●Tom has left school since 2000.
导致错误的主要原因是大多数学生比较关注英语动词的字典意义，对英语动词有关时间和动作方式的附加意义知之甚少。完成时表示动作的方式，即动作的完成，故有些语法学家称之为完成体
( perfect aspect)
。起止性动词表示动作的开始，延续，结束等概念与完成体的概念具有一致性。
5
．难于彻底理解动作的发生，动作的进行，动作的持续，动作的完成结束，状态的存在等抽象概念。
相当多的学生因为不知道动作的进行和发生
/
存在的区别而把握不了进行时与一般时的区别，因为不知道动作的起止和延续的区别而把握不了完成时与一般时的区别。下面三组时态句子是学生在时态习得中的难点。
I have lived in Shanghai.
I lived in Shanghai for three years.
I have lived in Shanghai for three years.
●
I played basketball.
I was playing basketball.
●
I have broken the window.
I broke the window.
●
We have been playing football.
We have played

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