主动语态
中文名称
主动语态
英文名称
The Active Voice
定义
在英语中，动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的发出者。相反，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
结构
主动语态：Tom cleans the board every day.  （Tom主动发出动作）
对比被动语态：The board is cleaned by Tom every day.
（The board被擦干净）(“be+过去分词”表被动)
基本句型
以do为例
 
　 时态与语态
  　肯定句
    　否定句work
  　一般疑问句
　肯定简答
一般现在时主动语态
do/does
He does his work every day.
He doesn’t do his work every day.
Does he do his work every day?
Yes, he does.
一般现在时被动语态 
am/is/are+done
His work is done every day.
His work isn’t done every day.
Is his work done every day?
Yes, it is.
一般过去时主动语态 
did
He did his work yesterday.
He didn’t do his work yesterday.
Did he do his work yesterday?
Yes, he did.
一般过去时被动语态 
was/were+done
His work was done yesterday.
His work wasn’t done yesterday.
Was his work done yesterday?
Yes, it was.
一般将来时主动语态 
will do
He will do his work tomorrow.
He won’t do his work tomorrow.
Will he do his work tomorrow?
Yes, he will.
 
一般将来时被动语态 
will be done
His work will be done
tomorrow.
His work won’t be done tomorrow.
Will his work be done tomorrow?
Yes, it will.
现在进行时主动语态 
am/is/are doing
He is doing his work now.
He isn’t doing his work now.
Is he doing his work now?
Yes, he is.
现在进行时被动语态 
am/is/are being done
His work is being done now.
His work isn’t being done now.
Is his work being done now?
Yes, it is.
过去进行时主动语态 
was/were doing
He was doing his work at that time.
He wasn’t doing his work at that time.
Was he doing his work at that time?
Yes, he was.
过去进行时被动语态 
was/were being done
His work was being done at that time.
His work wasn’t being done at that time.
Was his work being done at that time?
Yes, it was.
现在完成时主动语态 
have/has done
He has already done his work.
He hasn’t done his work yet.
Has he done his work yet?
Yes, he has.
现在完成时被动语态 
have/has been done
His work has already been
 done.
His work hasn’t been done yet.
Has his work been done yet?
Yes, it has.
过去完成时主动语态 
had done
He had already done his work by then.
He hadn’t done his work yet by then.
Had he done his work yet by then?
Yes, he had.
过去完成时被动语态 
had been done
His work had already been
 done by then.
His work hadn’t been done yet by then.
Had his work been done yet by then?
Yes, it had.
情态动词的主动语态 
can do
He can do his work tomorrow.
He can’t do his work tomorrow.
Can he do his work tomorrow?
Yes, he can.
 
情态动词的被动语态 
can be done
His work can be done
tomorrow.
His work can’t be done tomorrow.
Can his work be done tomorrow?
Yes, it can.
 
变化规则
被动语态的时态主要体现在be动词的变化上，后面的过去分词不变。
一般现在时：am/is/are          　+ 过去分词
一般过去时：was/were        + 过去分词 
一般将来时：will be             + 过去分词
现在完成时：has been                + 过去分词
现在进行时：am/is/are being          + 过去分词
过去进行时：was/were being          + 过去分词
过去完成时：had been                + 过去分词
带情态动词：can/may/must be          + 过去分词
 
主动语态改为被动语态
可以分三个步骤：
1. 先出谓语动词并分析时态；
2. 再出谓语动词后的宾语用作主语；
3. 注意谓语的人称、时态和数的变化。
例：
My brother writes a letter once a month. →
A letter is written by my brother once a month.
We will plant apple trees tomorrow.→
Apple trees will be planted by us tomorrow.
 
注意事项
主动语态中不带“to ”的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。
例如：
I saw him play football on the playground. = He was seen to play football on the playground.
The boss made them work at night. = They were made to work at night (by the boss).
带双宾语的动词在变成被动结构时，有两种变法。物做主语时人前加“to”或“for”。
例如：
His aunt gave him a book yesterday.
= He was given a book by his aunt yesterday.
= A book was given to him by his aunt yesterday. (书做主语，人前加了“to”)　
let 的用法
1. 当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
例如：They let the boy go. = The boy was let go.
2. 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
例如：The doctor let him go to see his mother. = He was allowed / permitted to see his mother.
 3. get+过去分词可构成被动语态
 例如：The girl got hurt on her way home.
The glass got broken just now.
短语动词是一个整体，变成被动语态后，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。
例如：This TV tower has been set up in my hometown.
例如：The old woman will be taken care of by the boss.
表示"据说"或"相信" 等的词组，要用被动语态。
    　It is said that… 据说
    　It is reported that… 据报道
    　It is believed that… 大家相信
    　It is hoped that… 大家希望
    　It is well known that… 众所周知
    　It is thought that… 大家认为
    　It is suggested that… 据建议
    　It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
    　It has been decided that… 大家决定
    　It must be remembered that…务必记住的是
   
不用被动语态的情况
1. 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态
例如：
The river has risen. 河水上涨了。
The accident happened a moment ago. 事故刚刚发生。
2. 系动词无被动语态
例如：
The music sounds good. 音乐听起来很好。
3. 带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态
 例如：
She lived a happy life last year. 她去年过着幸福的生活。
4. 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
 例如：
I like to swim. 我喜爱游泳。
主动形式表示被动意义
1. wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive等。
例如：
　The book sells well. 这本书销路好。
　This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2. blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。
  例如：
　I was to blame for the accident. 我对这起事故负责。
　Much work remains. 还有大量工作要做。
3. 在need, require, want, worth, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
　例如：
　The window needs repairing.= The window needs to be repaired. 窗户需要修了。
4. 特殊结构：have sth. done (使某事被别人做；让别人做某事) ， make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己) 。
被动形式表示主动意义
  be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupi
ed (in), get married等。
  例如：
He is graduated from Tsinghua University.
  他毕业于清华大学。
  注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。
  She married a rich man. 她嫁给了一位富翁。
  She got married to a rich man. 她嫁给了一位富翁。

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