非谓语动词的用法 
在英语语法中，掌握好动词的用法是最重要的，而非谓语动词又是动词中非常重要的一部分，由于它们内容多，有些用法相似，所以不好掌握，经常被混淆用错，下面通过列表比较的方式，分析非谓语动词的主要用法。
非谓语动词和谓语动词的相对时间关系
非谓语动词
相对谓语动词的时间意义
例句
一般式不定式
说明行为在谓语动词所表示的行为之后，多数是那些表愿望的词：want; hope; expect; wish等。
I want to go home.
I hope to see you.
说明行为与谓语动词表示的行为同时发生，多数是那些省略不定式符号的词，一般是复合宾语。
I saw him come in.
He helped him (to) carry things.
一般式动名词
表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发出。
We enjoyed seeing the film.
I am thinking of taking over the job.
在动词insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等后表示动作在谓语动词表示的动作之后发生。
He insisted on doing that work
在有些明确表示时间先后的动词和介词on; upon after代替完成动名词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作先发生。
I remember seeing him before.
On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend.
一般式分词
现在分词
持续性动词
说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He stood there speaking.
Holding a book under his arm, he entered the room.
终止性动词
说明分词表示的动作发生之后，句中谓语动词表示的动作立刻发生。
Entering the room, I found nobody in.
Turning to the right, you will find the post office.
过去分词
持续性动词
　
通常说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。
Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.
I can't find my lost pen.
说明分词表示的动作和句中谓语动词表示的动作并无先后。
He is a person well-known in this country.
代替完成式现在分词的被动语态。
Educated by the party, he became a brave fighter.
完成式不定式
说明行为动词在谓语动词表示的行为动词之前发生。
I'm sorry to have troubled you. 
He is said to have come here.
He is thought to have done it.
He is believed to have done it.
He seemed to have known it.
在wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等动词过去时后，说明行为动词没有实现。
We wished to have done this.
I expected to have left by then.
(=I had expected to heave by then.)
　
完成式动名词
说明动名词表示的动作，此句中动词表示的动作先发生。
We regret having told you the news.
After having finished his work, he went home. 
He denied having broke the glasses.
完成式分词
说明分词表示的动作，此句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生。多数表示一些瞬时间动词。如果是hear; see或表示位置转移的动词arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成时
Having finished his work, he went home.
Sitting down with him, we begun to discuss it.
Hearing this, he rose and went to the door.
 二．非谓语动词的被动语态
 1. 非谓语动词被动语态的意义
非谓语动词
意义和用法
例句
不定式
表示被动的意义
The meeting is to be held next week.
He wanted to be sent to the hard area.
有时主动形式表示被动的意义，同被动没什么区别，具有“应该”．“值的”的意思。不定式是主语的承受者，但有时作某些形容词的宾语， 如：nice, easy, hard, difficult, fit, suitable, good, heavy, comfortable, cheap等。
The box is not strong enough to stand this.
It's too small to see.
There is a lot of work to do
The house is to let at low rent.
I am not to blame.
Houses are still to seek.
Much remains to do.
The text is hard to learn. 
动名词
表示被动的意义
He insisted on being sent to the hard area.
在动词need, require等的主动语态和形容词worth后, 表示被动的意义
My watch needs repairing.
The book is worth reading.
分词
现在分词
表示被动的意义
The building being built is a school.
Not having been told, he didn't know where to start.
过去分词
表示被动的意义
Heated, the metal expands.
　
2. 一般现在分词，完成的现在分词和过去分词表示被动意义的区别
非谓语动词
意义和用法
例句
一般式现在分词
含有具体的意义，说明和句中谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，一般是持续性动词
The person being criticized is our monitor.
完成式分词
表示动作状态比句中谓语动作先发生，一般是瞬间动词
Not having been told about it, I don't know how to do it.
过去分词
具有一船的意义，强调事实，说明比句中谓语动词表示的动作先发生，有时同完成式的被动词态可互换。
Given more time, (=Having been given) I can do it much better. 
　
　
　
　
 三．非谓语动词的句法作用
1. 非谓语动词的句法作用一览表
        非谓语动词
句子成分
不定式
动名词
分词
主语
√
√
　
宾语
直接宾语
√
√
　
短语动词宾语
√
√
　
宾语补语
√
√
√
介词宾语
　
√
　
形容词宾语
√
√
　
表语
√
√
√
定语
√
√
√
状语
√
　
√
同谓语
√
　
√
插入语
√
　
√
2. 非谓语动词作主语
非谓语动词
意义和用法
例句
不定式
动词不定式表示比较具体的意义，经常和特定的动作和执行者联系起来，经常带时间或地点状语，有时表示将要发生的动作。
To master a foreign language is no easy job.
To do it well is my earnest desire
To see this film is to waste time.
To solve this problem is out of the question
                          动词不定式（短语）作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语，而将动词不定式（短语）移到谓语之后作真正主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词，动词和名词
1)形容词作表语（常见的形容词有：important, difficult, easy hard possible）
It is foolish to act in this way.
It sounds reasonable to do it this way.
It appears likely for them to arrive.
2) 动词作谓语（常见的动词有：require, cost, amuse, delight, irritate, annoy
It took much time to do this.
It makes us excited to think about that.
It needed hard work to finish the job.
It does no good to say like that.
It didn't occur to me to ask him to help me.
3)名词作表语
It seems a pity to waste them.
It is a great pleasure to do this
workIt is a good idea to think this way.
动名词
 动名词表求比较抽象（一般）和经常性的意义，有时可同不定式互换
Collecting stamps is a good hobby.
Swimming is a best sport in summer.
There is no telling what will happen.
There is no denying the fact.
There is no need informing him of it. 
动名词短语作主语时，常见的另一种形式是在句首用先行代词it作形式主语面将动名词短语移至谓语之后作真实主语。用于这种形式是一些特定形容词和名词
1)形容词作表语(常见的形容词有：enjoyable, good, hard, worthwhile)
It is nice talking to you.
It's foolish behaving like that.
It is useless doing that
2)名词作表语
It's waste of time doing this.  It's no good (use) doing that.
It's an awful job doing this.  It's fun doing this
It is not an easy task doing this work.
3. 非谓语动词作宾语
成分
非谓语动词
意义和用法
例句
直接宾语
不定式
不定式的逻辑主语一般同谓语动词的主语一致
I want to read a novel.
用于该形式的常见的动词有：afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear, threaten, wish.
有时宾语省略不定式符号(常见的有：let fall, let pass, let go, let slip, 'd better, 'd rather, 'd soon, 
He made believe he was correct.
动词不定式（短语）作宾语时，如其后有补足语，则可以用先行语it作形式宾语，而将动词不定式（短语）后移作直接宾语
He found it necessary to work hard at English.
用于该形式的常见的动词有：acknowledge, believe, consider, count, declare, deem, deny, esteem, fancy, feel, find, guess, imagine, judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, suspect, take(think), understand, think.
动名词
动名词的逻辑主语有时同谓语动词的主语不一致
Do you mind my smoking? 
动名词（短语）作宾语时，如其后有补足语则可以用先行词it作形式宾语，而将动名词短语后移作直接宾语
We found it troublesome solving this problem.
We consider it worthwhile spending some time on this.
有一类动词后面必须跟动名词
We enjoyed staying there.
常见的动词有：admit, abhor, acknowledge, advise, advocate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, excuse, evade, fancy, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep(on), mind, necessitate, pardon, postpone, practise, renounce, resent, facilitate, favor, miss, resist.
有一类动词后面可跟动名词也可以跟不定式
1) 意义区别不大。
He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five.  常见的动词有：start, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, commence, attempt, intend, propose, decline, endure, neglect, omit, recollect, recall, bear.
2) 意义有区别
a) remember doing sth 记住做过某事。remember to do sth  记住要做某事。
b) forget doing sth  忘记做过某事。forget to do sth  记住要做某事。
c) regret doing sth  遗憾做过某事。regret to do sth  遗憾要做某事。
d) try doing sth    试着做某事。try to do sth    努力做某事。
e) mean doing sth  意旨做某事。mean to do sth  打算做某事。
f) stop doing sth  停止做某事。stop to do sth    停下来做某事。
g) can't help doing sth 忍不住做某事。 can't help to do sth  不能帮做某事。
h) go on doing sth  继续做某事。 go on to do sth  接着做另一事。
短语动词宾语
动名词
这一类多是动词和小品词构成的短语
He insisted on doing that.
常见的短语有：stand up, leave off, put off, give up, can't help(stand)
不定式
这一类多数是一些特定的用法。
He is about to leave. He did nothing but play.
'd rather do sth, 'd better do sth, 'd like/love to do sth, 
宾语宾补
不定式
强调动作发生的事实、将要和应该做的事
We saw him come in. I asked him to help me. 
I helped him (to) learn English.
He arranged for me to stay there.
常见的动词有：
1)省略不定式符号的动词：make, let, have,  see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at
2)表示“致使”意义的动词：advice, cause, allow, ask, beg, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn
3)表示心理状态的动词：consider, declare find, prove, think, know, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, suppose, understand.
4)短语动词 arrange for, prepare for, provide for, ask for, care for, long for, wait for, vote for, call on, rely on, depend on, count on
动名词
说明实际的情况，这种形式数量不多。
We call this process testing.
We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet.
分词
　
现在分词
　
强调动作进行的过程
I found him coming in.
He kept him waiting outside.
如谓语动词是被动语态的形式，这时分词成了主语补语，分词形式不变。
He was seen coming in
过去分词
表示动作已完成，同宾语是被动关系，说明动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
have (get) 表示的动作往往表示别人完成，有时这个动作可能由主语完成
We found him tied to the tree.
I had my hair cut.
I can't get this motor started.
如谓语动词是被动语态的形式，这时分词成了主语补语，分词形式不变。
He was found tied to the tree.
介词宾语
不定式
这一类多是一些特定的形式，
I hardly remember what I did besides read.
He had nothing in mind except to work hard.
It is better to do some work than to spend the time idly.
There is no way out than climb the cliff. 
动名词
这一类数量较多。
I'm afraid of making mistakes while speaking English.
He enjoys doing nothing but talking with her.
On (as soon as he arrived) arriving, he came to see his friend.
In (while) doing this, he learned a lot.
常见的短语：look forward to, be used to, object to, prefer doing sth to doing sth
形容词宾
不定式
这一类有些语法家也认为是这些形容词的原因状语。
　
　
I am glad to see you.
常见的形容词有：cross, angry, context, furious, happy, impatient, curious, proud, sorry, thankful, free, grateful, keen, anxio7us, eager, pone, ready, reluctant, willing, humble, jealous, miserable, (un)able, lucky，sad
　
这一类有些语法家也认为是这些形容词的原因状语。
　
I am surprised to see you.
常见的过去分词有：annoyed, ashamed, astonished, bored, concerned, amazed, confused delighted, determined, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, distressed, embarrassed, excited, fascinated, inclined, overjoyed, overwhelmed, pleased, prepared, puzzled, qualified, worried, offended, scared, thrilled, vexed
动名词
这一类多是一些特定的用法。
The tree seems like trembling.
The book is worth reading.
He is busy working.
4. 非谓语动词作表语
非谓语动词
意义和用法
连系动词
例句
不定式
表示具体的动作，表示打算、计划、命令和要求等意义
有时可用appear, seem, happen等作连系动词
To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.(一般同主语的形式一直)
What I wanted to do is write it down.
The only thing you can do is wait and see.
How am I to pay such a debt?
Such questions are to be avoided.
He was never to see his friend again.
What he said proved to be true.
He seems to be ill.
常作主语的名词有：aim, ambition, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistakes, plan, purpose, suggestion.
动名词
相当于名词，说明主语动作的情况和状态。
一般是be
What like best is swimming in the sea.
My job is teaching English 
(My job is to teach them to learn English.)
Seeing is believing.
有时同不定式可以互换
Our duty is serving the people.
Our duty is to serve the people.
分词
现在分词
相当于形容词，说明主语动作性质的。一般分词后不再接任何成份
有时可用become ; get等
It is annoying that the meeting should be put off.
常见作表语的现在分词有：amusing, boring, charming, comforting, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, disturbing, embarrassing, exciting, pleasing, fascinating, interesting, inviting, missing, obliging, promising, puzzling, shocking, striking, surprising.
过去分词
相当于形容词说明主语动作的性质或状态，一般后面带介词短语，有些形容词化的过去分词前可加very.
有时可用become ; get ;remain ; appear ; seem; fell; go; look等动词
He remained puzzled. He appeared satisfied with that.
My work is finished. My watch is gone.
常见的过去分词有：1)常见带介词about分词： annoyed, concerned, excited, pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried 2) 常见带介词at分词： amazed, amused, annoyed, astonished, delighted, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, excited, offended, overjoyed, pleased, shocked, surprised, 3) 常见带介词against分词： arranged, prepared, irritated, arranged 4) 常见带介词for分词： celebrated, concerned, destined, disqualified, noted, prepared, pressed, qualified. 5) 常见带介词in分词： absorbed, celebrated, concerned, disappointed, delighted, dressed, embarrassed, engaged, entangled, experienced, interested lost, 6) 常见带介词on分词： founded, based, bent, set 7) 常见带介词to分词： abandoned, accustomed, acquainted, addicted, adapted, committed, dedicated, destined, devoted, doomed, engaged, entitled, exposed, known, lost, opposed, related, inclined, married 8) 常见带介词with分词：annoyed, bored, concerned, delighted, disappointed, discontented, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, equipped, excited, occupied, obsessed, pleased, pressed, satisfied, socked, stunned, surrounded loaded, tormented, torture
5. 非谓语动词作定语

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