《英语教学法》名词解释
<P3>
◆ Structural view (结构主义语言理论）
  The structural view of language sees language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: the sound system (phonology); the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax).
◆ Functional view（功能主义语言理论）
  The functional view not only sees language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things. In order to perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express  notions that perform the functions.
◆ Interactional view（交互语言理论）
  The interactional view considers language to be a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up and maintain social relations between people.
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◆ Behaviourist theory（行为主义理论）------Skinner
  The key point of the theory of conditioning is that＂you can train an animal to do anything( with reason) if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages, stimulus, response, and reinforcement＂.
◆ Cognitive theory（认知理论）
  Chomsky thinks that language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of these an infinite number of sentences can be produced. A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.
◆ Constructivist theory (建构主义理论)-------John Dewey
  The constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows.
◆ Socio-constructivist theory (社会建构主义理论)
    Vygotsky emphasises interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context based on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” (ZPD) and scaffolding.
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◆ Linguistic competence（语言能力）----Hedge
  Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning.
◆ Pragmatic competence (语用能力) ----Hedge
  Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate use of the language in social context.
◆ Discourse competence (话语能力/ 语篇能力) ----Canale and Swain
Discourse competence refers to one’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.
◆ Strategic competence (策略能力)
    Strategic competence refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.
<P86>
◆ Errors
  An error has direct relation with the learners’ language competence.Errors result from lack of knowledge in the target language.
◆ Mistakes
discourse  A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip of tongue, and it is a failure performance to a known system.Mistakes result from carelessness and hesitation.
<P143>
◆ Bottom-up model （自下而上的模式）
  In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognitions. In other words, “we use information in the speech itself to try to comprehend the meaning” .
◆ Top-down model （自上而下的模式）
  In the top-down model, listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasised. In other words, listening co
mprehension involves “ knowledge that a listener brings to a text, sometimes called “ inside the head” information, as opposed to the information that is available within the text itself” .

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