3. Approaches to Discourse Analysis (DA)
Schiffrin (1994) introduced 6 approaches to DA in her book, Approaches to Discourse, including Speech act theory, Interactional sociolinguistics, Ethnography(人种学), Pragmatics, Conversational analysis, Variation theory. In 1999, Systemic      Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Relevance Theory were added. So far, there are 8 approaches to DA. Although each of these approaches has made a significant contribution to our understanding of discourse, we will
review only two of them here due  to the limitation of the lecturer. 
3.1 Pragmatics
3.1.1 Introduction
discourse   Pragmatics is a broad approach to discourse that deals with the widely vast concepts of meaning, context and communication.  Due to the wide    scope of pragmatics, experts have failed to reach  an agreement on the best definition of this approach.  However,  one particula
r type of pragmatics, Gricean pragmatics is highly                  recommended since it forms the center of pragmatics research.  This type of pragmatics focuses on    speaker meaning and the      cooperative principle. While speaker meaning deals with the            distinctions between two different meanings,        the cooperative      principle is                concerned with the relationship between logic and        conversation    (Schiffrin, 1994. p.190).    There is a clear distinction between natural        meaning and non natural meaning. Non natural  meaning assumes  that the listener is able to        deduce some secondary meaning    from a      speaker’s words. The pragmatics approach will be used in the    analysis of the interview between  Owen Bennett-Jones of the BBC world service and Jacob Zuma, the ANC president, held on the 26th of December, 2008                              3.1.2 The Data
    The people speaking in this interview are Jacob Zuma, the President of the African National Congress of South Africa, who is widely tipped to become the next president of the Republic of South Africa; and Owen Bennett-Jones of the BBC world service. The interview took place at the BBC studios and lasted approximately five minutes. The data available is made up of actual utterances taken from the speakers as opposed to properly c
onstructed good grammatical sentences. Using actual speaker utterances is recommended by Gricean pragmatics. 
Transcription of the Data
Owen: [1] Charmer
Jacob: Is that so?
Owen: [1] Charmer
Jacob: That’s what you are calling me.
Owen: [2] Self made
Jacob: Yes, that’s what [? 3] they call me.
Owen: That is true?
Jacob: Yes
Owen: [4] Brave
Jacob: Yes
Owen: You think you are brave?

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