语言学-话语分析术语解释
Discourse Analysis话语分析
Discourse is “language above the sentence or above the clause”Discourse analysis is the study of how sentences in spoken or written language form larger meaningful units such as paragraphs, conversations, interviews, etc.
Given information the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee
New information the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee
Topic话题: what the utterance is about.Topic is the element of a sentence that functions as the center of attention. In English, it is marked by being placed in the initial position and is usually the subject, noun phrase.
Comment述题: what is said about the topic.
Contrast refers to the language phenomenon where a noun phrase occurs in opposition to an
other noun phrase in the discourse.
Cohesion衔接the network of lexical, grammatical and other relations that link various parts of a text
Reference参照/照应is a relation on semantic level
Substitution 代替refers the process or result of replacing one word by another at a particular position in a structure
Substitution is a relation on the lexico-grammatical level, a relation
between words and constructions, and they have same function
Ellipsis省略Leaving out a construction of a sentence for reasons of economy, emphasis or style, and the omitted parts can only be recovered by the reader from the previous discourse.
Conjunction连词An item or a process whose primary function is to connect words or other c
onstruction.
Lexical cohesion词汇衔接It refers to the repetition of the same words, or general nouns, or other words sharing the majority of semantic features Coherence连贯refers to the relationships which link the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of sentences in a text.
Discourse markers (DM): expressions that are commonly used in the initial position of an utterance and are syntactically detachable from a sentence.
discourseConversational Analysis会话分析the analysis of natural conversation in order to discover the linguistic characteristics and usage of conversation.
Adjacency pairs (AP):相邻语对/邻近对a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers
Presequences 前序列the opening sequences that are used to set up some specific potential actions.
Critical discourse analysis (CDA)批评话语分析is a perspective which studies the relationship between discourse events and sociopolitical and
cultural factors, esp. the way discourse is ideologically influenced by, and can itself influence power relations in society.

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