1.How do you understand the influence of culture on communication?
1)Culture is everything and everywhere .Our culture supplies us with the answers to those and countless questions about what the world looks like and how you live and communicate within this world.
2)Culture is the foundation of communication,and when cultures are diverse,communication practices may be different.Countless aspects of culture help determine and guide communication behavior.
3)The world looks,sounds,tastes,and feels the way is dose because our culture has given you the criterion of perception.
2.What are the major factors that influence language communication?
The three elements that directly influence our perception and communication:
(1)cultural values.It inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad,right and wron
g,true and false,positive and negative,and the like.Cultural values define what is worth dying for,what is worth protecting,what frightens people,what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule,and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity.Most important,cultural values guide both perception and behavior.
(2)worldview(religion).A worldview is a culture’s orientation toward such things as God,nature,life,death,the universe,and other phiosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and with “being”.
(3)Social organization.The manner in which a culture arganizes itself is directed to the institutions within that culture.The families who raise you and the governments with which you associate and hold allegiance to all help determine how you perceive the world and how you behave within the world.
3.Discuss the differences between positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies with examples.
(1)Positive politeness strategies: those showing the closeness, intimacy, and rapport between speaker and hearer
Nagative politeness strategies: those indicating the social distance between speaker and hearer
(2) Positive Politeness: is  redress directed to the addressee's positive face, his desire that his wants should be thought of as desirable.Redress consists in partially satisfying that desire by communicating that one's own wants are in some respects similar to the addressee’s wants.The linguistic realizations of Positive Politeness are in many respects representative of the normal linguistic behavior between intimates.
Nagative politeness :Redressive action addressed to the addressee’s negative face.Addressee wants to have his freedom unhindered and his attention unimpeded.Specific and focused to minimize the particular imposition that the FTA effects.Politeness in Western cultures is always considered with negative politeness behaviour.
(3)Categories of Positive Politeness: Claim common ground;
Categories of negative politeness: use indirect speech acts;question;hedge (deliberately vague expression);be pessimistic;minimize the FTA;give gifts
4.Try to find examples to illustrate the positive and negative strategies used in the Chinese cultural context considering the factors of “in-group”vs.”out-group”membership in communication.
(1)Positive strategies: Use in- group identity markers；Using any of the innumerable ways to convey in- group membership: address forms, language or dialect, jargon or slang and ellipses.
Examples:   
“Honey, can you give me the beer?”
“Hey brother, what’s going on?”
“How about a drink?”
(2)Negative strategies: Opposing tensions: desire to give hearer an “out“ by being indirect, and the desire to go on record.Solved by the compromise of conventional indirectness, the use of phrases and sentences that have contextually unambiguous meanings which are different from their literal meaning.
Examples:
“Can you please shut the door?”
“You couldn’t possibly tell me the time, please?”
5.What are the distinctions between performatives and constatives according to Austin?
(1)Conditions:true or false(constative)-the constatives utterance is verifiable and it is either true or false;felicity conditions(performative)-the performatives require not only “the appropriate circumstances.”but also the appropriate language.
(2)grammatical criterion:the performative verb is in the present tense and each sentence has s first person subject
(3)lexical criterion:”state”(constative)
                          “hereby”(performative)
6.Please explain the main distinction between the concept of utterance and the concept of sentence with examples.
(1)Utterance can succeed as an act of communication even if the speaker does not possess the attitude he is expressing

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