Chapter 7 答案
Discourse Analysis
 1.
Define the following terms briefly.
(1)
discourse: a general term for examples of language use, i.e. language produced
as the result of an act of communication. It refers to the larger units of
language such as paragraphs, conversations and interviews.
(2)
discourse analysis: the study of how sentences in written and spoken language
form larger meaning units such as paragraphs, conversations and interviews.
(3)
given information: the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee.
(4)new information: the information that the addresser believes is not known
to the addressee.
(5)topic: the main center of attention in a sentence.
(6)cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different
elements of a text. This may be the relationship between different sentences
or different parts of a sentence.
(7)coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse
or of the sentences in a text.
(8)discourse marker: the technical term for all the items that are used to help
construct discourse, such as signifying the beginning or ending of a paragraph
or a turn in conversation. They are commonly used in the initial position
of an utterance and are syntactically detachable from a sentence, such as
well, I mean, now, then, first, second, finally.
(9)adjacency pair: a set of two consecutive, ordered turns that “go together” in a
conversation, such as sequences of question/answer, greeting/greeting, invitation/
acceptance, criticism/denial.
(10) preference structure: in the conversations there can be several second parts
related to one first part, but they are not of equal status. The structural likelihood
is called preference, and this likely structure is the preference structure
that divides second parts into preferred and dispreferred. The former is the
structurally expected and the latter unexpected. In answering the question
“Have you got a light?”, the reply “Here you are” is preferred and “Sorry, no, I don’t smoke” is dispreferred.
(11 presequence: the opening sequences that are used to set up some special potential
actions, such as greetings before formal conversations. “What are you
doing tonight?” can be used as a presequence if it is followed by “If nothing
special, come over and have dinner with us please.”
 (12) critical discourse analysis: the analysis of language use directed at, and committed
to, discovering the concealed ideological bias, injustice, inequality in
the power relations among speakers and hearers.
2.
In the study of discourse, cohesion refers to the grammatical and/or lexical relationships
between the different parts of a text. This may be the relationship between
different sentences or different parts of a sentence. It concerns the question
of how sentences are explicitly linked together in a discourse by different kinds of
overt devices. Such cohesive devices include reference, substitution, ellipses, conjunction and lexical cohesion.
&→the look-out
4.
them (line 4)→plant and animal species (line 3)
that (line 7)→“Every ecosystem everywhere can’t be preserved intact.”
it (line 7)→“Every ecosystem everywhere can’t be preserved intact.”
it (1st one, line 8)→how can it be made consistent with the earlier objective?
it (2nd one, line 8)→to deprive some people in some parts of the world of a piece
of their ecosystem but not others.
 5.It is not a coherent discourse. Although it has connection words such as a Ford
discourse
–– a car and black –– Black, which look like cohesive devices, they refer to entirely
different things. There is a total lack of internal relation among the sentences. A
text can’t be only based on superficial connections between the words to pursue
coherence; there must be some relationship that links the meanings of the sentences
in a text, too. This text is not in line with our real experience of the way the
world is. Thus, we can’t make sense of it directly unless we are laborious to create
meaningful connections which are not actually expressed by the words and sentences.
So it’s not a coherent discourse.
6.Coherence is the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text. This extract is coherent. All the sentences (questions in fact) are organized around the topic “interview”, and they are arranged from the general to the more specific in a logical order so that the text is easy to follow.

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