IV. Explain the following terms（整理成简答或填空）
1. Ferdinand de Saussure
2. Textual function
3. The London School of Linguistics
4. Surface structure 
5. Transformational-Generative grammar
6. Language Acquisition Device(LAD)
7. Innateness hypothesis
III. Explain the following terms.
1. Applied linguistics
2. Interlanguage
3. Contrastive analysis
4. face validity
5. Error Analysis
1. Define the following terms briefly.
first language acquisition:    behaviorist approach    innateness approach 
second language acquisition:  contrastive analysis:    error analysis
language aptitude:          field dependence        field independence
learning strategies
IV. Explain the following terms.
1. Interlanguage
2. Universal Grammar
3. contrastive analysis
4. Error Analysis
1. Define the following terms briefly..
applied linguistics        grammar-translation method          audiolingual method
communicative language teaching        testing      achievement test      validity
reliability                proficiency test      subjective test          objective test
language aptitude test      diagnostic test                    backwash effect
II. Explain the following terms.
1. applied linguistics
2. the audiolingual method of language teaching
3. the direct method of language teaching
IV. Explain the following terms.
1. Ferdinand de Saussure is a Swiss linguist who is often described as “father of modern linguistics”. The great work, Course in General Linguistics, which was based on his lecture notes, marked the beginning of modern linguistics. Saussure’s idea on the arbitrary nature of sign, one the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. pushed linguistics into a brand new stage.
2. Textual function: The textual function is one of the three meta-functions language is composed of. It refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living message different from a random list of sentences.
3. The London School generally refers to the kind of linguistic scholarship in England. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was J.R. Firth.
4. Surface structure: It is a term used in generative grammar to refer to the final stage in the syntactic representation of a sentence, which provides the input to the phonological component of the grammar, and which thus most closely corresponds to the structure we articulate and hear. For instance, “John is easy to please.” and “John is eager to please.” are two sentences with the same surface structure.
5. Transformational-generative grammar is proposed by Noam Chomsky. He postulated a syntactic base of language (called deep structure), which consists of a series of phrase-structure rewrite rules, i.e., a series of (possibly universal) rules that generates the underlying phrase-structure of a sentence. The end result of a transformational-generative grammar is a surface structure that is identical to an actual sentence of a language, after the mediating of a series of rules (called transformations) that act upon the deep structures.
6. Language Acquisition Device: LAD refers to an innate faculty of language in general with which children are born. It is posited by Chomsky, who argues that LAD probably consists of three elements: a hypothesis-maker, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.
7. The “Innateness Hypothesis” of child language acquisition was proposed by Noam Chomsky, who states that language are somewhat innate and that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.
III. Explain the following terms.
1. Applied linguistics: It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.
2. It refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It’s a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner’s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like “to touch the society”.

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