5.3 有生命主语句与无生命主语句
按照动作的执行者是有生命的还是无生命的这
一标准,英语和汉语的动词均可分为有灵动词
(verbs for animate objects)和无灵动词(verbs for inanimate objects)。前者用在表示有生命的名词后,后者用在表示无生命的名词后。含有灵动词
的句子称作有生命主语句(life subject sentence),含无灵动词的句子称作无生命主语句(non-life subject sentence)。英语和汉语在有灵动词和无灵
动词上的差别是:有灵动词与无灵动词在英语中无
有明确的区别,即一个动词常常是既可用作有灵动词、又可用作无灵动词;而在汉语中这两类动词之
间却有明确的区别,即一个用作有灵动词的动词不
能同时用作无灵动词。例如:
(1) One reliable source said that major tax changes were being considered by the Treasury. 据可靠消
息,财政部正在考虑对税收办法作重大改革。
(2) John said that he would come this evening.约翰说他今晚来。
上述两例中的said 分别与表示无生命的事物的one reliable source 和表示有生命的John搭配。前句是无生命主语句,后者是有生命主语句。动词say在前一例中用作无灵动词,在后一例中用作有灵动词。而汉语中与say相对应的动词是"说",它只能作有灵动词。如改作无灵动词,则很不符合汉语的表达习惯。英译汉时一是要弄清英语无生命主语句特点,二是对原句的结构和搭配必须作出相应的调整。
一、英语无生命主语句特点
从充当句子主语的词语来看,英语无生命主语句大致有下列几种类型:
A. 以时间、地点等名词做主语的句子:
(1) 1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.
(2) The minutes slipped by quickly.
(3) Rome witnessed many great historic
events.
B. 表示生理、心理状态的名词和表示某种遭遇的名词做主语:
(1)His illness prevented him from attending the conference.
(2)Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.
这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。(3)Astonishment, apprehension, and even horror oppressed her.
C. 具有行为和动作意义的名词作主语:
(1)The very sight of it makes me feel nervous.
(2)The shortest cut would take us five hours to get there.
(3)That night sleep eluded him.
(4)The fresh sunlit January morning filled the young teacher with happy thought.
一月的早晨清新晴朗,令年轻教师心中充满了愉快的感想。
D. 其他类型:
(1)The matter asks immediate attention.
(2)Well, Colonel Fitzwilliam, what do I play next? My fingers wait your orders.
(3)Her heart did whisper that he had done it for her.
uneventful二、无生命主语句的译法
翻译英语的无生命主语句时首先要考虑到其特点,吃透原文,然后用符合汉语表达习惯的主谓搭配形式把原文的意思传达出来。下面就是常用的几种方法:
A. 改变原句中的主语,即出合适的动作执行者作为汉语句子的主语,把无生命主语转换为有生命主语,重组句子。例如:
(1) The sight of a tailor-shop gave me a sharp longing to shed my rags, and to clothe myself decently once more.
(2) Anger choked his words.
(3) His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
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