语法填空             
一、基础检测
 According to a review of evidence in a medical journal runners live three years________(long) than non-runners You don't have to run fast or for long________(see)the benefit You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of ________（die）early by running.
    While running regularly can make you live forever, the review says it ________ (be)more effective at lengthening life ________walking ,cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________(cause).
    The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise ……
It's probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces to ________(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉),avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running i
s cheap, easy and it's always ________(energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits other sports, so perhaps we should all give ________a try.   
二、语法填空
考点1　提示词类填空
(一)词性转换
1.如果提示词在句中作定语(修饰名词)、作表语(跟在系动词后)或作宾补(表示宾语的性质状态),要用其形容词形式。注意区分以-ing和-ed结尾的形容词。
典例1    (2018课标全国Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it’s always　69    (energy).
解析　设空处作表语,表示主语的特征,故填形容词energetic。
2.如果提示词在句中修饰动词或动词短语,修饰形容词或副词,或是修饰整个句子,要用其副词形式。 典例2    (2018课标全国Ⅱ)A taste for meat is　63    (actual)behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.
解析　句意:对于肉类的喜爱实际上是这一变化背后的原因:中国的玉米有很重要的一个作用,就是用来饲养鸡、猪和牛。本题考查副词。此处需用副词作状语,故用actual的副词形式actually。
3.如果提示词在句中作主语,在及物动词或介词(短语)后作宾语,前面有冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格修饰,要用其名词形式。
典例3    (2016课标全国Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chi-nese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 　68    (develop) of chopsticks.
解析　设空处之前有定冠词the修饰,其后有介词of,这里指“筷子的发展”,故填development。
实战演练（一）
1. This switch has decreasedprofit的形容词      (pollute)in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
答案　pollution　句意:这种变化已经减少了中国主要湖泊和水库的污染,使人们的饮用水变得更安全了。本题考查名词。空格处作decreased的宾语,故使用pollute的名词形式pollution。
2.According to the World Bank, China ac-counts for about 30 percent of total      (globe)fertilizer consump-tion.
答案　global　句意:根据世界银行的统计,中国占了全球化肥总消耗量的大约30%。本题考查形容词。空格处作fertilizer con-sumption的定语,故使用globe的形容词形式global。
3.I’m a      (science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
答案　scientist　句意:我是研究猿和猴子等动物的科学家。本题考查名词。设空处作表语,说明主语的身份;根据提示词science可知填scientist。
4.The Central London Railway was one of the most      (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900.
答案　successful　句意:伦敦中心地铁是这些线路中最成功的一条……。most后跟形容词组成形容词的最高级,所以答案填suc-cessful。
5....it must have been      (fair) unpleasant for
答案　fairly　句意:……对于顾客来说那一定是相当令人不愉快的……。此处用副词fairly修饰形容词unpleasant。
6. It is       (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
答案　certainly　分析句子结构可知,此处缺少副词成分修饰形容词 fun。故正确答案为 certainly。
7.(This development was only possible with the      (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.
答案　introduction　由空前的定冠词可知,此处需用名词形式,动词introduce去“e”加后缀-tion构成名词形式。
8.However, be       (care) not to go to ex-tremes.
答案　careful　结合句意及空格前的 be 可知此处应填入的是形容词,故此处应填入的是 care 的形容词形式 careful,故正确答案为 careful。
9.Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which       (gradual)turned into chopsticks.
答案　gradually　设空处单词修饰后面的turned into,所以要用其副词形式。
(二)词形变换
1.名词的单复数及所有格
    如果设空处需要用名词形式,这时要注意名词的单复数以及是否用其所有格形式。
典例1    (2018课标全国Ⅰ)...a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all　67    (cause).
解析　cause作“原因”讲,为可数名词;根据设空处前的all可知设空处填名词复数形式,故填causes。
2.代词的变化
      代词的种类繁多,包括人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词、指示代词等,一般提示词为代词的主格,要求考生根据语境判断该空格应该使用代词的哪种形式。侧重考查人称代词主格与宾格的用法、名词性和形容词性物主代词的用法以及反身代词的用法。
典例2    (2018课标全国Ⅲ)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find　68    (they)alive.
解析　设空处指代从句中的the gorillas,以避免重复,故填them。
3.形容词和副词的比较等级
    题干中的than是比较级的标志词,还要注意上下文中隐藏的比较关系。注意以下句式:the+比较级...,the+比较级...;the+比较级+of the two+名词;the+最高级。常用来修饰比较级的有much, even,
still, far, a little, a bit等。
典例3    (2018课标全国Ⅰ)According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years　61    (long)than non-run-ners.
解析　句意:根据一份医学杂志中的证据报告,跑步者比非跑步者的寿命要长3年。根据题干中的than可知设空处须用副词比较级形式,故填longer。  
实战演练（二）
1.(2018课标全国Ⅲ,63)He screams the      (loud)of all.
答案　loudest　句意:它尖叫的声音最大。本题考查副词最高级。根据句意及本句中的“of all”可知设空处填副词最高级,故填loudest。
2.(2017课标全国Ⅰ,66)Even       (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
答案　worse　句意:甚至更糟糕的是,人们所吃的快餐的量增加了。此处应表达的是“更糟的是”,故此处应填入 bad 的比较级 worse。
3.(2017课标全国Ⅱ,61)It ran for just under seven kilometers and al-lowed people to avoid terrible       (crowd) on the

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