现在完成时
1)现在完成时通常表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在.
I have already posted the photo.我已经把照片寄走了。强调post对现在的影响“照片不在这里”My daughter has just gone out. 我女儿刚出去。I’m sure we’ve met before. 我肯定我们以前见过面。2)表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和包括现在在内的表示一段时间的状语连用,如recently, already, just, lately, for…, since…,yet等。如:I haven’t heard from her these days. 这些日子我没有收到她的信。We haven’t seen you recently. 最近我们没有见到你。They have been away for two years. 他们离开已经两年了。She has been with us since Monday. 3). 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester.
一结构
1.肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他
2.否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他
3.一般疑问句:have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他 Yes, 主语+have/has. No , 主语+have/has+not
4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他
二常和现在完成时一起连用的时间状语注意:.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用,(如表示过去的时间状语)如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非与for, since连用
1.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用如already(肯定), yet(否定,疑问), just, before, recently, still, lately,Just, already, yet, ever, never, before, twice(重复性时间), for+短时间, since+点时间, so far, how long 提问的疑问句中.......
He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet ? join的四种用法
2. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用, 如ever, never, twice, several times等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman several times.
3. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Up to the present everything has been successful.
三当现在完成时与表示短时间的时间状语连用时,谓语动词必须使用延续性动词。如果谓语动词是非延续性动词则转化为对应的延续性动词。若不是和短时间连用,则不用转化。什么时候一定要用延续性动词:
在含有以下三个标志词的完成时句型中:since,for,how long
(1)如:这本书他借了一个月了。(不用borrow)
He has kept the book for a month. He has kept the book since a month ago.
(2)这本书他借了多久了?How long has he kept the book?
英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。
1. 持续性动词: 表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean , sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, sit, stand, lie, keep 等。
2. 瞬间性动词: 表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。
常见的--begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等
3. 瞬间性动词在完成时中瞬间动词(buy,die,join,lose……)不能直接与for 或since引导的时间段连用。要改变成延续性动词.如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常用意思相当的持续性动词来替换He has been in the army/a soldier for three years. (他参军已有3年了。)不用has joined She has been up for quite some time. (她起床已有好久了。)不用has got up Has your brother been away from home for a long time? (离家已有好久了吗?)不用has left 常用
瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系:

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