1、TWO MAIN LEGAL FAMILIES
Common/English/English-American Law (Legal) System/Family普通法系
- case law system- Anglo-Saxon case-law system- Anglo-American legal system
Continental/Roman/Civil Law (Legal) System/Family大陆法系
- civilian legal system- civil-law system
2、civil law民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法
3、substantive Law（实体法）VS procedural Law（程序法）
4、case law（案例法） vs. statutory law（成文法）
statutory / written / codified / enacted law制定法、成文法
5、adversary trial system（对抗制） vs. inquisitorial system （纠问制）
6、jury trial system陪审团制度
defendant7、The reports of the  United States Supreme Court联邦最高法院判例汇编
The reports of  some States州法院判例汇编
8、legal cases法律案例
9、private law and / vs. public law
10、the statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law
（其成文法继续适用通过判例法(注：即先例)进行的有约束力的解释）
11、Common law (in narrow sense):
    - common general law
    - local law
    - itinerant judges of the English royal court
    - enforcement of a claim
    - special form of action: writ
    - classical  Roman law
    - Provisions of Oxford (1258)牛津条例
    - “writ upon the case”本案令状
12、enforcement  强制执行；claim  请求；action  诉讼行为；writ  法院令状； recourse 追索权；追索，追偿
13、Equity law衡平法
- “ equity ”——doing equity
- chancellor
- relief 救济
- judiciary
- Court of Chancery （衡平法院）and / vs. ordinary common law courts
-maxim
- fixed, inflexible
- equitable doctrines (e.g. law of salvage at sea)
- In a conflict between law & equity,equity should prevail.
14、award
compensatory, compensate
damages
specific performance特定履行|实际履行
injunction强制令
real/immoveable property（不动产） and / vs. personal/moveable property （动产）
15、common law remedy/relief:普通法救济
    - (compensatory) damages金钱赔偿
16、equity/equitable remedies/relief:衡平法救济
    - injunction ( a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act)强制令
    - specific performance (a party to an agreement is ordered by the court to perform his obligations according to the terms of the agreement)
    - restitution
17、judicial
express （明示）vs. implied （默示）
provision, provide
jurisdiction 管辖区域,法域; (司法）管辖权
civil suit民事诉讼
title
the law of property财产法
before the judge在法庭上
17、apply/applicable/available适用于
be subject to受。。。。的约束
●This case is subject to Chinese law.
    受……约束，引申为适用
●Chinese law applies / is applicable to / is available to this case.
    适用于
18、precedent先例
judge-made law法官制定的法律
make the law制定法律
usage
term
connote / mean
in contrast to, as contrasted with
subject matter标的
19、Two parallel court systems(Double Track system)双轨制
● Federal Court System联邦法院系统
    - U.S. / Federal District Court联邦地区法院
    - U.S. / Federal Court of Appeals联邦上诉法院
    - U.S. / Federal Supreme Court联邦最高法院
●State Court System州法院系统
    - Trial / circuit Court审判法院|巡回法院
    - State Appellate Court (Court of Appeals)上诉法院
    - State Supreme Court最高法院
20、Separation of powers
    - Legislative branch:  Congress
    - Executive branch:  President
    - Judicial branch:      Courts
Checks and Balances
Judicial Review
    - the ability of a court to decide on the constitutionality of legislation
21、美国的法官
●联邦和州最高法院的法官
●——大法官，justice Chief Justice  Associate Justice
●上诉法院和审判法院的法官
●——法官，judge  Chief Justice    Associate Justice
●基层法院的审判人员
●——治安法官，justice of the peace
●——司法官，magistrate
22、The U.S. Supreme Court, compose of nine justices, sits as the final and controlling voice over all these systems.美国联邦最高法院由9个大法官(1 Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justice)组成，对全部这些法律体系有最终的控制性的发言权。
23、issue 问题，争论点
litigant 诉讼当事人
plead (the case)（向法庭）陈述案情; plead（在法庭）申辩，认罪，辩护 ;申诉; 答辩; 为…辩护, 抗辩

before a court
judgment / decision / holding
appeal, appealable
hear, hearing
in which the court is located
territory
tribunal
court/judicial decisions
review / rehear 重审，再审，复审
proceed through
as of right vs. discretionary
discretion
abolish

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