一、侦查阶段
Extraditable adj 应引渡的、可引渡的,
fugitive adj 在逃的 a fugitive soldier 逃兵,flee 和 escape表示逃离、逃脱,flee from justice 逃避审判;refugee也可以表示逃亡者,更多的是表示因遭受政治上后宗教上的迫害而流亡的人。
Search warrant 搜查令、搜查证
Seizure 扣留、扣押
arrest
under arrest ,f a s l e arrest 非法逮捕 ,false imprisonment 非法拘禁,
detain/detention 拘留,扣留
Detention house 拘留所 detention home 少年管教所
Criminal detention 、administrative detention 、 judicial detention
Jail 拘留所、看守所,监禁 holding cell / lockup / jailhouse , jailor 监狱管理员 jail credit 刑期折抵
Prison 在一般意义上可以等同于 jail 监狱 ,prisoner of war 战俘 prison warden 监狱长 war criminal 战犯
Penitentiary 通常指关押重刑犯的监狱
较委婉的说法:correctional facility / penal institution / correctional institution
Confinement facility 监禁设施
Solitary confinement 单独监禁
First appearance 、initial appearance 初次聆讯 指刑事被告人被逮捕后在法官面前的第一次露面。检察官必须及时把被逮捕者带到治安法官面前接受讯问,听取建议,并有治安法官确定对被逮捕者是羁押还是予以保释。
bail 保释,保释金,保释保证人
he left on bail and was given a summons to appear in court for an arraignment the following week.
bailman (保释保证人),bailable affense ,refuse bail ,bail bond (保释保证书),bailee 被保释人/受托人,bailor 财产委托人
felony 重罪,在不太严谨的情况下可用 serious crime
misdemeanor /minor crime/summary offense 轻罪
Indictable offense 可诉罪
Offense / offence , offender , first offender , fugitive offender
在表示罪与非罪时,英文中通常用crime和offense来表示,offense表示较轻的犯罪,还表示故意侵权。Sin是一种对宗教或道德的违反,广泛用于被认为是完全错误的行为。Error 则含有因判断错误或缺乏认识而非有一违反之意。
battery 殴击罪,非法侵犯(完成对威胁的实施)
assault 企图伤害罪,强调企图。
if the judges commit crimes,congress may impeach them and them remove them from office.
the degree of punishment shall be commensurate with the crime committed and the criminal responsibility t be borne by the offender.
criminal law ,criminal proceedings/crim
inal procedure,criminal action, criminal justice system,criminal responsibility,criminal act ,criminal attempt(犯罪未遂) ,criminal conspiracy,ciminal capacity 刑事责任能力, criminal sanction,criminal appeal.
examination /interogation/extortion(逼供)
inquiry 询问、讯问、调查 inquiry notice 调查通知:依法授权某人进行某项合理调查的通知,该人应该对调查结果负责。
Interrogation 刑事讯问 interrogatories 质询书,常在证据展示程序中 discovery使用。
二、公诉阶段
Procuratorate 检察院
Immunity 免除、豁免,指给予特殊体的免于正常的法律义务、处罚或责任的权利,常与from连用,immunity from prosecution 免予起诉。
accuse 指控
The police accused him of committing 6 counts of murder.
Count 罪项,诉因,指原告起诉状中对一项独立的诉讼请求的陈述。
Accuse sb of a certain crime = charge sb with a certain crime
The two of them are acquitted on charges of “disorderly conduct” and ”unlawful assembly” arising from the July 25th demonstration.
Charge 做名词时表示“指控的犯罪”。
The accused = defendant ,前者用于刑事案件中,被告人,后者则两者皆可。The accuser.
Summary proceedings
Prosecution 公诉方、控诉方,刑事诉讼
Prosecution attorney 控方律师 , prosecuting witness 控方证人
presentment/ grand jury original 大陪审团起诉报告:大陪审团自己发现某犯罪行为,并主动提出的起诉书。
Indictment 大陪审团起诉书或公诉书 indict v 对。。。提起公诉、起诉
Information 检察官起诉书
Probable cause 合理根据、可成立的理由,从合理调查所获知饿明白无误的事实足以使明智而谨慎的人相信刑事案件的被控人犯有被指控的罪名,或在民事案件中存有诉讼的根据。大陪审团签署起诉书时需要改条件。
direct examination / examination-in-chief 确立案发场景,再现案件过程,通过非诱导性提问及证物展示来进行询问。
no bill/not a true bill/not found 查无实据,不予起诉
三、被告人辩护(Defense)
alibi 不在犯罪现场
The prosecution attempts to impeach this alibi by showing that when he was questioned by the police while under custody, he failed to assert this alibi, as one would expect he would have done if the alibi had been genuine. (真实的)
dock 码头,被告人席,扣减
Bail dock is a small compartment in a courtroom used to hold criminal defendant during trial.
Someone is in the dock 某人正在接受审判。
Dock brief / dock defense 当庭指定辩护律师
defendant Aggravate 加重、使恶化 aggravation rule 加重规则
Diminished responsibility 责任减等
Provocation 挑拨
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