一、名词
【考点直击】
1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;
2.名词所有格的构成及用法;
3.近义名词的辨析。
【考点讲解】
一、名词的数
1.单数和复数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成,其主要变法如下:
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys,pen→pens,
doctor→doctors。
(2)以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes,watch→watches,brush→brushes。
(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange—oranges。
(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys, day→days。
(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如:zoo→zoos,radio→radios,还有某些词也只加-s,例如:photo→photos,piano→pianos。
(6)以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves, half→halves。
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:man→men,woman→women,tooth→teeth,foot→feet,child→children,mouse→mice。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen。但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定,如:men workers, women teachers。
有个别名词单复数一样,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾。
(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等。
(9)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,glasses,goods,ashes,scissors。
(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:
科学名词:physics, mathematics/maths
专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名词:news, falls
2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中,不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念,可以用以下两种方法:
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少,例如:
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass?
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 这类定语,例如:
a piece of paper, a piece of wood, a piece of bread
a bottle of orange, a glass of water(milk), a cup of tea
a cup of tea, a bag of rice, three bags of rice
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时,在容器后加复数,例如:
two cups of tea, four pieces of paper, three glasses of water
不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。
二、名词的所有格
名词所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。
1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's,其复数形式是s',例如:a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。
2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 's,如:Children's Day。
3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's,例如:a twenty minutes' walk,ten miles' journey,a boat's length,two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,例如:a map of China,the end of this term,the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 双重所有格,例如:a friend of my father's。
【注意】
如果两个名词并列,并且分别有 's,则表示“分别有”,例如:John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间,共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。
两个名词并列,只有一个's,则表示“共有”,例如:John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。
【实例解析】
1.(2004年上海徐汇区中考试题)
These _________ have saved many children’s lives.
A. woman doctors B. women doctor
C. women doctors D. woman doctor
答案:C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。
2. (2004年河北省中考试题)
This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Anne and Jane B. Anne’s and Jane’s
C. Anne’s and Jane D. Anne and Jane’s
答案:D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时,只在后面的名词后加’s。
3. (2004年吉林省中考试题)
---Are there any ________ on the farm?
---Yes, there are some.
A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep
答案:D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断,主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。
4. (2004年佛山市中考试题)
---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange?
---Orange, please.
A. hamburger B. chip C. tea
答案:C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。
【中考演练】
一. 单项填空
1.We went to Dr. Brown’s yesterday. He gave us _____.
A. some advice B. advices C. an advice D. some advices
2. What _____ they’ve got! No wonder they are very happy.
A. a good news B. quite a good news C. good news D. little news
3. Much ______ to fight against pollution.
editorinchief是什么意思A. have been done B. has been done C. had been done D. has done
4. What ______ ! Let’s go swimming.
A. a fine weather B. fine day C. a fine day D. bad weather
5. You have made _______. You should be more careful.
A. a lot of mistake B. a great deal of mistakes
C. a large number of mistakes D. few mistakes
6. Before we moved into the new house, we bought many________.
A. furnitures B. future C. pieces of future D. pieces of furnitures
7. The bookshelf over there is __________.
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