Developed in 1941 by AATCC Commit-tee RA33; revised 1946, 1952, 1957, 1962, 1972, 2005; reaffirmed 1971, 1975, 1983; 1989; editorially revised 1981, 1983, 1985, 1995, 1996, 1997; editorially revised and reaffirmed 1988, 1994, 1999, 2004. Technically equiva-lent to ISO 105-G02.
1. Purpose and Scope
1.1 This test method is intended for as-sessing the resistance of the color of tex-tiles of all kinds and in all forms when exposed to atmospheric oxides of nitro-gen as derived from the combustion of natural gas. Exceptions are noted in 11.7.1.
1.2 This test method may be used for rating colorfastness of dyes by applying the dye to textiles by a specified proce-dure and at a specified depth of color and testing the dyed textiles.
2. Principle
2.1 A specimen of the textile and the test control fabric are exposed simulta-neously to oxides of nitrogen from burnt gas fumes until the control shows a change in color corresponding to that of the standard of fading. The change in color of the specimen is assessed with the standard gray scale for assessing change in color. If no color change is observed in the specimen after one exposure period or cycle, expo
sure may be continued, for ei-ther a specified number of periods or for the number of periods required to pro-duce a specified amount of color change in the specimen.
3. Terminology
3.1 burnt gas fumes, n.—atmospheric oxides of nitrogen as derived from the combustion of illuminating or heating gas.
3.2 colorfastness, n.—the resistance of
a material to change in any of its color characteristics, to transfer of its colo-rant(s) to adjacent materials, or both, as a result of the exposure of the material to any environment that might be encoun-tered during the processing, testing, stor-age or use of the material.
4. Safety Precautions
NOTE: These safety precautions are for information purposes only. The pre-cautions are ancillary to the testing proce-dures and are not intended to be all inclu-
sive. It is the user’s responsibility to use
safe and proper techniques in handling
materials in this test method. Manufac-
turers MUST be consulted for specific
details such as material safety data sheets
and other manufacturer’s recommenda-
tions. All OSHA standards and rules
must also be consulted and followed.
4.1 Good laboratory practices should
be followed. Wear safety glasses in all
laboratory areas.
4.2 All chemicals should be handled
with care.
4.3 Stoddard solvent is a combustible
liquid and presents a moderate hazard. It
should not be used near an open flame,
and fabric saturated with this solvent
should be dried in an adequately venti-
lated laboratory hood. Use chemical gog-
gles or face shield, impervious gloves
and an impervious apron when handling
Stoddard solvent.
4.4 Perchloroethylene is toxic by inha-
lation, by repeated contact with skin and
by ingestion; it MUST be used only in a
well vented atmosphere. Toxicology
studies with laboratory animals have
shown evidence of cancer in rats and
mice exposed to perchloroethylene va-
pors at 100-400 ppm concentrations for
prolonged times. Fabric saturated with
this solvent should be dried in an ade-
quately ventilated laboratory hood. Use
chemical goggles or face shield, impervi-
ous gloves and an impervious apron
when handling perchloroethylene.
4.5 An eyewash/safety shower should
be located nearby and an organic vapor
respirator should be readily available for
emergency use.
4.6 Exposure to chemicals used in this
procedure must be controlled at or below
levels set by governmental authorities
(e.g., Occupational Safety and Health
Administration’s [OSHA] permissible
exposure limits [PEL] as found in 29
CFR 1910.1000 of January 1, 1989). In
addition, the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) Threshold Limit V alues (TLVs)
comprised of time weighted averages
(TLV-TWA), short term exposure limits
(TLV-STEL) and ceiling limits (TLV-C)
are recommended as a general guide for
air contaminant exposure which should
be met (see 11.10).
5. Apparatus, Materials and Reagents
5.1 Exposure chamber (see 11.1).
5.2 Control Sample No. 1 (see 11.2).
5.3 Standard of Fading (see 11.2).
5.4 Gray Scale for Color Change (see
11.9).
5.5 Natural gas (see 11.5).
5.6 Urea solution (see 11.9).
5.7 Mineral spirits.
5.8 Perchloroethylene.
5.9 Trichloroethylene.
5.10 1993 AATCC Standard Reference
Detergent WOB.
6. Test Specimens
6.1 Use test specimens that measure
approximately 5.0 × 10.0 cm. If pressing
is necessary to remove wrinkles, iron the
specimens between two layers of closely
woven cotton cloth or press them with a
steam press (see 11.3).
6.1.1 For fastness to oxides of nitrogen
in storage or use, test a specimen of the
original fabric.
6.1.2 For fastness to oxides of nitrogen
after drycleaning, immerse one specimen
in cold mineral spirits for 10 min, then
squeeze the solvent out and dry the speci-
men in air. One specimen is immersed in
cold perchloroethylene for 10 min,
squeezed and allowed to dry in the air.
Trichloroethylene may be substituted for
perchloroethylene. Prepare a drycleaned
only specimen for comparison with the
tested drycleaned specimen.
6.1.3 For fastness to oxides of nitrogen
after washing (see 11.4), unless a specific
wash test is specified, wash the test speci-
men in a detergent solution containing
5g of 1993 AATCC Standard Reference
Detergent WOB (see 11.8) per liter of
water of approximately zero hardness for
10 min at 41 ± 3°C, rinse it in warm wa-
ter and dry it in air. Prepare a washed
only specimen to compare with the tested
washed specimen.
7. Procedure
7.1 Suspend the test specimens and
a piece of the control sample freely in
the test chamber so that they are not in
contact with each other and do not come
into direct contact with any hot metallic
surface. Light the gas burner and adjust
the flame and ventilating equipment so
that the temperature in the chamber does
not exceed 60°C (see 11.6 and 11.7).
Leave the specimens to remain in the
chamber until the control sample changes
color to correspond to the color of the
Standard of Fading when compared in
daylight (ranging from average to slightly
bluish north sky light) or equivalent arti-
ficial illumination.
AATCC Test Method 23-2005
Colorfastness to Burnt Gas Fumes
68TM 23-2005AATCC Technical Manual/2006
7.2 Then remove the test specimens from the test chamber and immediately assess the change in color of each by use of the Gray Scale for Color Change.
7.3 Specimens exposed to oxides of ni-trogen may continue to change color after removal from the test chamber. Option-ally, another or more detailed visual or in-strumental examination may be done. If this is to be done, without delay, plunge the test and control specimens and pieces of the original test and control fabric into buffered urea solution (see 11.9) for 5 min. Then squeeze out the specimens and pieces and thoroughly rinse them. Dry the specimens in air at a temperature not above 60°C.
7.4 After the first cycle, any specimens which do not show a color change and which are not treated with the buffered urea solution may be returned to the test chamber along with a fresh piece of the test control and the test continued until the second test control shows a change in color corresponding to that of the Stan-dard of Fading.
7.5 Cycles may be repeated for either a specified number of cycles or until the specimens show a specified amount of color change.
8. Evaluation
8.1 At the end of each cycle immedi-ately compare those specimens which are removed from the exposure chamber with the preserved originals from which they were drawn.
8.2 Rate the effect on color of test specimens after any specified number of cycles by reference to the Gray Scale for Color Change, and report the number of cycles run (see 11.11).
Grade 5—negligible or no change as shown in Gray Scale Step 5.
Grade 4.5—change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 4-5.
Grade 4—change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 4.
Grade 3.5—change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 3-4.
Grade 3—change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 3.
Grade 2.5—change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 2-3.
Grade 2—change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 2.
Grade 1.5—change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 1-2.
Grade 1—change in color equivalent to Gray Scale Step 1.
9. Report
9.1 Report the grade for each specimen and the number of cycles, to which it was exposed. Report the average temperature employed and, if humidity was increased, report the method used.10. Precision and Bias
10.1 Precision. Precision for this test
method has not been established. Until a
precision statement is generated for this
test method, use standard statistical tech-
niques in making any comparisons of test
results for either within-laboratory or
between-laboratory averages.
10.2 Bias. Burnt gas fumes can be de-
fined only in terms of a test method.
There is no independent method for de-
termining the true value. As a means of
editoriallyestimating this property, the method has
no known bias.
11. Notes
11.1 Exposure Chamber.
11.1.1 The exposure chamber may be of
variable construction but must provide an en-
closure in which test specimens can be ex-
posed in an atmosphere of air which has
passed over and contains the byproducts of
combustion from a lighted gas burner. The ap-
paratus should be equipped with a suitable
means of supporting the test specimens so that
there is a free circulation of the atmosphere
around the specimens and so that only a mini-
mum amount of the specimen at the point of
its suspension is in direct contact with any hot
metallic surface. Either a motor driven fan to
move the air around in the test chamber or a
motor driven rotating specimen rack should be
used in order to insure as nearly as is possible
that all specimens are exposed to the same
conditions of gas concentration, temperature
and humidity. Adjustable vents or dampers in
the top of the unit together with the height of
the flame of the gas burner are used to regulate
the temperature of the exposure chamber, but
temperature and humidity will vary with that
of the room in which the exposure chamber is
being operated.
11.1.2 Several forms of suitable apparatus
are illustrated in the American Dyestuff Re-
porter, July 22, 1940, pages 368-9. Blueprints
of a suitable apparatus can be purchased from
AATCC, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle
Park NC 27709; tel: 919/549-8141; fax: 919/
549-8933; e-mail:
11.2 Test Control and Standard of Fading.
11.2.1 The test control fabric is a dyeing of
0.4% C.I. Disperse Blue 3 on cellulose acetate
satin. Celliton Blue FFRN is used since its
fading characteristics are well known and
other C.I. Disperse Blue 3 dyes tend to exhibit
different fading characteristics.
11.2.2 Pieces of the original lot of control
fabric were hung in air in three separate places
in southern New Jersey for six months. It was
assumed that the atmosphere in these places
contained an average content of oxides of ni-
trogen. At the end of the exposure period,
samples from the three locations were assem-
bled and compared with the original material.
All had changed about equally, being decid-
edly duller and redder than the original. The
faded shade was then matched with vat dyes
on cellulose acetate satin and this became the
original standard of fading for that lot of con-
trol fabric. This produced a standard of fading
which was more permanent than the exposed
pieces of the control fabric which would have
continued to change with even very small
amounts of oxides of nitrogen.
11.2.3 Since different lots and sources of
both the dyestuff and undyed fabric will pro-
duce variations in both the original shade and
its fading rate, it is therefore necessary to ac-
curately establish a new standard of fading
for each dyed lot of control fabric so that
comparable tests results can be obtained
when using different lots of the control and
their respective standards of fading. In con-
ducting tests, only the standard of fading ap-
plicable to that lot of control fabric may be
used.
11.2.4 The standard of fading for the origi-
nal lot of control fabric was made with vat
dyes on cellulose acetate satin. For subsequent
lots of the control fabric it was found for the
standard of fading that use of direct dyes on
viscose satin provided a better shade match.
The Standard of Fading is dyed with approx-
imately the following formula: 0.300% C.I.
Direct Blue 80 and 0.015% C.I. Direct Violet
47 based on the weight of the fabric.
11.2.5 Both the control fabric and the stan-
dard of fading must be kept in suitable con-
tainers or enclosures to protect them from
possible exposure and color change to oxides
of nitrogen and other contaminants which
might be present in the atmosphere during
transportation and storage.
11.2.6 The control fabric is also sensitive
to other atmospheric contaminants such as
ozone. Its fading rate will vary considerably
at different humidities and temperatures and
its use in natural or end-use testing as a mea-
sure of exposure to oxides of nitrogen is not
recommended. The color change produced
on the control will reflect the combined ef-
fects of the atmospheric contaminants
present, and temperature-humidity varia-
tions; not just the effects of exposure to ox-
ides of nitrogen.
11.2.7 A sealed unit of Test Control Fabric
comprising 18.29 m of ribbon 5.08 cm wide
with a specific lot number indicated and a
specimen of the Standard of Fading for that
lot of control fabric is available as Control
Sample No. 1 from Testfabrics Inc., P.O. Box
26, 415 Delaware St., W. Pittston PA 18643;
tel: 570/603-0432; fax: 570/603-0433; e-mail:
testfabric@aol.
11.3 Heat by Ironing.
11.3.1 When an acetate fabric is pressed
with an iron which is hot enough to remove all
wrinkles, there is danger of sealing the surface
of the fabric which would increase the resis-
tance to gas fading. This technique is not con-
ducive to accurate test results and should be
avoided on fabrics of this type.
11.4 Drycleaning and Washing Test Speci-
mens.
11.4.1 All the inhibitors available at present
are soluble to some extent in water and there-
fore tend to be removed by washing. These in-
hibitors are in general not soluble in the
ordinary drycleaning solvents, and fabrics
treated with suitable inhibitors should with-
stand several drycleanings without losing their
resistance to gas fading (if the drycleaning op-
eration does not include spotting or sponging
with water). The inhibitors also tend to lose
their efficiency if the fabrics come into fre-
quent contact with perspiration.
11.5 Gas.
11.5.1 Illuminating gas furnished by the
gas companies in Massachusetts, Connecti-
cut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Delaware has been used in
AATCC Technical Manual/2006TM 23-200569
this work, including both natural and manu-factured gas. The results were essentially the same in all cases. Any gas burner may be used, and either a luminous (yellow) or a blue-green flame is suitable, though the latter is to be preferred to avoid formation of soot.
A wire screen placed between a red and a white heat will increase the percentage of oxides of nitrogen (the color-destroying gases) produced by the burning gas, and will thereby accelerate the fading of the samples. Brass, iron, monel metal and stainless steel screens give practically the same results. In cases of dispute or for referee testing com-pressed butane (c.p.) gas in cylinders shall be used.
11.6 Temperature for Testing.
11.6.1 Other conditions being equal, the fading of the specimens will vary according to the temperature in the exposure chamber, which in turn depends upon the amount of gas consumed in a given period. Exposure for 8-
12 h at 60°C may cause as much color de-
struction as exposure for 96 h at 21-27°C.
Aside from this, the temperature may vary
somewhat in different parts of the exposure
chamber from time to time.
11.7 Humidity for Testing.
11.7.1 The fading of dyes by oxides of ni-
trogen on acetate, triacetate and polyester will
occur at relatively low humidities as would be
obtained in the conventional chamber at tem-
peratures approaching 60°C. For other fibers
such as nylon, rayon or cotton it is necessary
to use high humidities to produce results
which correlate with service performance. A
suggested procedure for raising the level of
humidity in the chamber is to place containers
of water on the floor surface of the chamber. If
the humidity is raised by this or any other pro-
cedure, this should be noted in the report of
the test results.
11.8 Available from AATCC, P.O. Box
12215, Research Triangle Park NC 27709; tel:
919/549-8141; fax: 919/549-8933; e-mail: or-
11.9 Urea Solution.
11.9.1 10 g of urea (NH
2
-
CO-NH
2
) per liter
buffered to pH 7 by addition of 0.4 g
of monosodium orthophosphate (NaH
2
PO
4
·
2H
2
O) and 2.5 g of sodium phosphate dibasic,
dodecahydrate (Na
2
HPO
4
· 12H
2
O) and 0.1 g or
less of an anionic surfactant.
11.10 Available from Publications Office,
ACGIH, Kemper Woods Center, 1330
Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati OH 45240;
tel: 513/742-2020.
11.11 An automated electronic grading sys-
tem may be used as long as the system has
been demonstrated to provide results that are
equal to and provide equal or better repeatabil-
ity and reproducibility than an experienced
grader performing visual evaluation.
70TM 23-2005AATCC Technical Manual/2006

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