Designation:D2122–98e1An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and
Fittings1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation D2122;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
e N OTE—Keywords editorially added in November2003.
1.Scope
1.1This test method covers the determination of diameter,wall thickness,and length dimensions of thermoplastic pipe. Included are procedures for measurement of the inside diameter of pipe intended to be joined by internalfittings,measurement of the average outside diameter for roundable pipe where out-of-roundness is not of primary concern,out-of-roundness measurement and measurement of the average outside diameter of non-roundable pipe,and for determining length and straightness.
1.2This test method also includes procedures for dimensioning molded thermoplastic pipefittings.
1.3The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:
1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40on Test Methods.
Current edition approved April10,1997.Published November1997.Originally published as D2122–62T.Last previous edition D2122–95.
1
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version.Because it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate.In all cases only the current version of the standard as published by AST
M is to be considered the official document.
Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing2
D638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics2
D790Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials2
F412Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems3
F1498Specification for Taper Pipe Threads(60°)for Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings3
2.2ANSI Standard:
B2.1Pipe Threads(Except Dryseal)4
3.Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1General—Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412,unless otherwise specified.
3.1.2deviation from straightness—the maximum deviation from a straight line exhibited by a pipe specimen divided by the length of the specimen.
3.1.3nonroundable pipe—pipe made from a material having a tensile orflexural modulus of elasticity of150000psi (103MPa)or greater,as determined by Test Method D638or D790,and in addition,having an outside diameter/wall thickness ratio of less than20.
3.1.3.1Discussion—The above definitions apply to thermoplastic pipe and are based on the ability or inability of a pipe to round out when forced into a tapered socket.
3.1.4roundable pipe—(a)pipe made from material having a tensile orflexural modulus of elasticity less than150000psi (103MPa)as determined by Test Method D638or D790;and(b)pipe made from a materia
l having a tensile orflexural modulus of elasticity of150000psi(103MPa)or greater,as determined by Test Method D638or D790,and in addition,having an outside diameter/wall thickness ratio of20or greater.
3.1.5socket bottom—the point at which the pipe stop radius intersects wall.
4.Summary of Test Method
4.1Alternate Methods—Alternate methods and procedures for obtaining dimensions(such as apparatus and procedures using laser,electronic,nuclear,ultrasonic,or other means)are not prohibited.
4.1.1The user of an alternate method shall validate the alternate method.The alternate method is validated when both the product is measured according to the Apparatus and Precedure sections presented in this Test Method,and when found to be in compliance with product specifications.
N OTE1—Validation of the alternate method is a necessary step in ensuring compliance with product specifications.Validation generally involves statistical analysis of data generated using the alternate method.At a minimum,the analysis should include calculating99%confidence limits and verifying that these limits are within the product specification tolerances.For guidance on this type of analysis,the user should consult the Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis.5
4.1.2Compliance with product specifications shall be based on the measuring apparatus and procedures in this Method.While alternate methods are not prohibited,the measuring apparatus and procedure in this Method shall be the referee method.
5.Significance and Use
5.1This Test Method provides for determining the physical dimensions of thermoplastic pipe andfittings.This test method is suitable for determination of dimensional compliance with product specifications.
6.General
6.1Specimen Preparation—Pipe specimens shall be cleanly cut and burrs removed.Some materials,such as polyolefin plastics, may undergo dimensional change near cut ends due to internal stresses.When this condition is noted,care shall be taken to make measurements at a location which is not so affected.
6.2Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at73.463.6°F(2362°C)and5065%relative humidity for not less than 40h prior to test in accordance with Procedure A of Methods D618,for those tests where conditioning is required.
6.3Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the Standard Laboratory Atmosphere of73.463.6°F(2362°C)and5065%relative humidity,unless otherwise specified in the test methods or in this test method.
7.Wall Thickness—Pipe and Fittings
7.1Apparatus—A cylindrical or ball anvil tubing micrometer accurate to within60.001in.(60.02mm)shall be used for wall thickness measurements.
2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol08.01.
3Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol08.04.
4Available from American National Standards Institute,11West42nd St.,13th Floor,New York,NY10036.
5Committee E-11on Quality and Statistics,Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis,Chapter2,ASTM,West Conshohocken,PA,1990,p.38.
N OTE2—Care should be taken to avoid excessive closure pressure when using ball anvil micrometers which may compress the specimen and give falsely low readings.Care should be taken to avoid misalignment of the anvil with the longitudinal axis of the specimen when using cylindrical anvil micrometers which may bridge specimen surface curvature or indentations and give falsely high readings.
editorially7.2Procedure—Make a series of measurements at closely spaced intervals to ensure that the minimum and maximum wall thicknesses have been determined.Make a minimum of eight measurements.
7.3Calculation:
7.3.1Calculate the average wall thickness by taking the average of all values measured.
7.3.2Calculate the wall thickness range,E,as a percent,as follows:
E5A2B
A100(1)
where:
A=maximum wall thickness at any cross section,and
B=minimum wall thickness at any cross section.
7.4Report—Report the following information:
7.4.1Observed minimum and maximum wall thicknesses,
7.4.2Calculated average wall thickness,and
7.4.3Calculated wall thickness range in percent.
8.Inside Diameter Measurement of Roundable Pipe
8.1Apparatus—Depending on the requirements,the following apparatus shall be used:
8.1.1Tapered Plug Gage,for checking conformance to an average inside diameter tolerance,having uniform taper of1:100and accurate to within61%of its taper and to within60.001in.(60.02mm)of its diameter.For each given pipe size and tolerance specification,a mandrel shall be scribed at the diameters representing the minimum and maximum allowable inside pipe diameters. To aid rounding,a45°by1⁄8-in.(3-mm)face bevel shall be provided on the entrance end of the gage.
N OTE3—Where internal stresses cause change in dimension at the cut end of pipe,tapered plug or sleeve gage measurements may give misleading results.
8.1.2Metal Rule(if it is desired to determine the actual average inside diameter)with at least0.01-in.(0.2-mm)graduations.
8.2Procedure:
8.2.1Cut the end of the pipe square and remove burrs.Insert the plug gage into the pipe,causing it to round out but not to expand.Observe whether the end of the pipe falls between the scribed diameters.
8.2.2In cases of disagreement between the purchaser and the seller,the proper insertion distance as indicated in8.1.1shall be defined as that point where an internal light source is just occluded.
8.2.3If the actual average inside diameter is required,measure the distance from the maximum scribed diameter to the end of the pipe,
8.3Calculations—Calculate the average inside diameter as follows:
d5d m2kl(2) where:
d=average inside diameter,in.(or mm),
d m=maximum scribed diameter,in.(or mm),
k=taper of plug gage,in.(or mm)of diameter per in.(or mm)of length,and
l=distance from maximum scribed diameter to end of pipe,in.(or mm).
8.4Report—Report the following information:
8.4.1When determining conformance to tolerances,report whether the average inside diameter is less than the minimum, greater than the maximum,or within the allowable limits as indicated by the position of the scribed diameters with respect to the end of the pipe.
8.4.2If the actual average inside diameter is required,the result of the calculation in8.3,as well as the values used in the calculation,shall be reported.The average inside diameter may also be calculated as described in10.5.
9.Outside Diameter and Out-of-Roundness Measurement of Roundable Pipe
9.1Apparatus—Depending on the requirements,the following apparatus shall be used:
9.1.1Flat-Anvil Micrometer or Vernier Calipers,accurate to60.001in.(60.02mm).
9.1.2Tapered Sleeve Gage,for checking conformance to an average outside diameter tolerance of roundable pipe,accurate within61%of its taper and60.001in.(60.02mm)of its diameter.For a given pipe size and tolerance specification,the entrance diameter shall be the maximum allowable average outside pipe diameter,while the inside diameter at the opposite end shall correspond to the minimum allowable average outside pipe diameter.To aid rounding,a45°by1⁄8-in.(3-mm)face bevel shall be provided on the entrance end of the gage.
9.1.3Alternatively,a sleeve window gage,made to the tolerances given in9.1.2may be used.The window shall extend beyond
the two scribed marks which shall represent the minimum and maximum permitted diameters.See the Discussion under3.1.5. N OTE4—This gage may also be marked to enable actual average outside diameters to be read directly.
9.1.4Circumferential Wrap Tape,if the actual value of the average outside diameter is desired,calibrated in terms of pipe diameter with0.01-in.(0.2-mm)graduations,or a vernier wrap tape,with0.001-in.(0.02-mm)graduations when greater precision is required.
9.1.5Out-of-Roundness Gage—A rigid plate,about1⁄4in.(6mm)thick,bored with a circular hole to the maximum permitted diameter allowed for out-of-roundness,accurate to60.001in.(60.02mm),may be used to determine conformance to the out-of-round requirement.
9.2Procedure:
9.2.1Flat-Anvil Micrometer or Vernier Caliper—Take a series of diameter measurements at closely spaced intervals to ensure that the minimum and maximum diameters have been determined.Make a minimum of six measurements.
9.2.2Sleeve Gages—Cut the end of the pipe square and remove burrs.Insert the pipe into the sleeve gage and observe the position of the end with respect to the ends of the tapered sleeve gage or the position of the end with respect to the minimum and maximum scribed marks of the sleeve window gage.
9.2.3Circumferential Wrap Tape—To determine the actual value of the average outside diameter,place the circumferential wrap tape around the pipe,making sure that it is at right angles to the pipe axis and isflat against the pipe surface.Observe the diameter reading,estimating to the nearest0.005in.(0.1mm),or0.001in.(0.02mm)as required.
9.2.4Out-of-Roundness Gage—To determine conformance to pipe out-of-roundness with the gage,the pipe shall be inserted through the gage without forcing rounding of the pipe.
9.3Report—Report the following information:
9.3.1When determining conformance to tolerances with the tapered sleeve gage,report whether the average outside diameter is less than the minimum,greater than the maximum,or within the allowable limits as indicated by the position of the pipe end with respect to the ends of the tapered sleeve gage.
9.3.2When determining conformance to tolerances with the sleeve window gage,report whether the average outside diameter is less than the minimum,greater than the maximum,or within the allowable limits with respect to the minimum and maximum scribed marks.
9.3.3If required,report the average outside diameter as observed in9.2.3with the circumferential wrap tape.
9.3.4When determining conformance to outside diameter tolerances with aflat anvil micrometer or caliper,report the minimum diameter,the maximum diameter,and,if required,the average diameter calculated by taking the average of all diameters measured. N OTE5—The actual average outside diameter determined using a circumferential wrap tape is preferred to averaging micrometer diameter measurements.
9.3.5When determining conformance to out-of-roundness tolerances with aflat anvil micrometer or caliper,report whether the measurements were made with or without a rounding device,and the difference between the minimum and maximum diameters as the out-of-roundness.
9.3.6If required,report the percent ovality which is calculated by dividing the out-of-roundness by the average diameter,as determined in9.2.3or9.3.4,and multiplying by100.
9.3.7When determining conformance to tolerances with the out-of-roundness gage,report whether the pipe exceeds out-of-roundness tolerance or is within the allowable limits as indicated by the gage.
10.Out-of-Roundness and Average Outside and Inside Diameter of Non-Roundable Pipe and Fittings
10.1Apparatus:
10.1.1Aflat-anvil micrometer or vernier caliper accurate to within60.001in.(60.02mm).
10.1.2Out-of-Roundness Gage—A rigid plate,about1⁄4in.(6mm)thick,bored with a circular hole to the maximum permitted diameter allowed for out-of-roundness,accurate to60.001in.(60.02mm),may be used to determine conformance to the out-of-round requirement.
10.1.3Circumferential Wrap Tape,if the actual value of the average outside diameter is desired,calibrated in terms of pipe diameter with0.01in.(0.2mm)graduations,or a vernier wrap tape,with0.001in.(0.02mm)graduations when greater precision is required.
10.2Procedure:
10.2.1Flat-Anvil Micrometer or Vernier Caliper—Take a series of diameter measurements at closely spaced intervals to ensure that the minimum and maximum diameters have been determined.Make a minimum of six measurements.
10.2.2Circumferential Wrap Tape—To determine the actual value of the average outside diameter,place the circumferential wrap tape around the pipe,making sure that it is at right angles to the pipe axis and isflat against the pipe surface.Observe the diameter reading,estimating to the nearest0.005in.(0.1mm),or0.001in.(0.02mm),as required.
10.2.3Out-of-Roundness Gage—To determine conformance to pipe out-of-roundness with the gage,the pipe shall be inserted through the gage without forcing rounding of the pipe.
10.3Calculations—Calculate the average outside diameter by taking the average of all diameters measured,and the out-of-roundness as the maximum minus the minimum diameter.If required to be reported,calculate the percent ovality by
dividing the out-of-roundness by the average diameter and multiplying the result by100.
N OTE6—The actual average outside diameter determined using a circumferential wrap tape is preferred to averaging micrometer or caliper diameter measurements.
10.4Report—Report the following information:
10.4.1Observed minimum and maximum diameters,and
10.4.2Average diameter as calculated in10.3or as observed in10.2.2.
10.4.3Out-of-roundness as determined in10.2.1and10.3,or10.2.3.
10.4.4If required,ovality as determined in10.3.
10.4.5When determining conformance to tolerances with an out-of-roundness gage,report whether the pipe exceeds out-of-roundness tolerance or is within the allowable limits as indicated by the gage.
10.5Inside Diameter—The average inside diameter may be calculated as follows:
d5D22t a(3) where:
d=average inside diameter,in.(or mm),
D=average outside diameter,in.(or mm),and
t a=average wall thickness,in.(or mm),as determined in7.3.
11.Fittings Socket Dimensions
11.1Diameters—Determine the minimum and maximum diameters of thefitting socket using an internal micrometer or a telescoping gage,accurate to60.001in.(60.02mm)at both the socket entrance and socket bottom.Take sufficient readings,a minimum of8,to ensure that the maximum and minimum have been determined.Calculate the average diameters as the arithmetic mean of all of the diameters measured at each cross section.For socket bottom measurements,the tip radius of the micrometre or telescoping gage shall be less than the radius of the pipe stop to ensure that the tip is in contact with the true socket bottom.
11.2Fittings Socket Diameter Gages—Plug gages may be used to determine conformance tofitting socket inside diameter dimensions for pipe bells andfittings for in-plant quality control.In case of disagreement between purchaser and seller,thefitting socket diameters shall be determined in accordance with11.1.
11.3Socket Depth—Determine the socket depth using a good quality commercial scale,vernier caliper,or depth gauge micrometer with these calibration increments:
Instrument Calibration Increments
Commercial scale1⁄32in.(1mm)
Vernier caliper.001in.(.03mm)
Depth gage micrometer.001in.(.03mm)
N OTE7—Unless otherwise specified,precision of the commercial scale shall be used.
11.4Fittings Spigot Diameter Gages—Straight-side go/no-go ring gages may be used to determine conformance offitting spigot outside diameter dimensions.
11.5Report—The report shall include the maximum,minimum,and calculated average for each dimension determined with inside micrometer or telescoping gage.Alternatively,the report shall state conformance or nonconformance of thefitting diameters when determined using go/no-go gages.
12.Length of Pipe
12.1Apparatus—For specimens1in.(25mm)long or longer,use a steel tape or rule with marked graduations that are10% of the total tolerance on the nominal length or less.For specimen lengths less than1in.(25mm)use a vernier caliper with calibration increments of0.001in.(0.03mm).
12.2Procedure—Lay the pipe specimen on aflat surface and in a straight line.Observe the length to within the nearest marked graduation on the measuring tool.
12.3Report—Report the length of each specimen measured.
13.Laying Lengths of Fittings
13.1Apparatus—A good quality commercial steel scale calibrated in1⁄1-mm increments,provided that the dimension is clearly in excess of1⁄2mm or more.For laying lengths within1⁄16in.of the minimum,use a depth micrometer or a micrometer height gage,accurate 60.1mm.
13.2Procedure—Measure the laying length to within1⁄1mm except that when within1⁄2mm of the minimum specified laying length,measure to 0.1mm.
13.3Report—Report the laying lengths of each specimen measured.
14.Threads
14.1All taper pipe threads shall conform to and be gaged in accordance with Specification F1498.
15.Straightness
15.1Apparatus—A plane horizontal surface,a string,and a metal rule with at least1⁄1-mm calibrations.
15.2Procedure—Place the pipe specimen on the plane surface and allow it to come to rest.At a distance of half the outside diameter above the plane surface,stretch the string from one pipe end to the other and draw it taut while in contact with both ends. Holding the ruler horizontally,determine the maximum distance between the pipe and the string.It should be noted that pipe with
a non-uniform curvature will not necessarily show the maximum reading at the center.
15.3Report—Report the specimen length plus the deviation from straightness.
16.Precision and Bias
16.1The precision of these measuring test methods is based on the accuracy of the instrument used and is specified in each procedure.There is no bias in measuring plastic pipe andfittings dimensions in relation to any standard.
17.Keywords
17.1dimensions;measurement;plasticfittings;plastic pipe;thermoplasticfittings;thermoplastic pipe
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