Designation:E492–09
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Measurement of Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies Using the Tapping Machine1
This standard is issued under thefixed designation E492;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(´)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method is one of several for evaluating the sound insulating properties of building elements.It is designed to measure the impact sound transmission performance of an isolated floor-ceiling assembly,in a controlled laboratory environment.Others in the set deal withfield measurement of impact sound transmission throughfloor-ceiling assemblies(Test Method E1007), measurement of sound isolation in buildings(Test Method E336),the measurement of sound transmission through a common plenum between two rooms(Test Method E1414),and the laboratory measurement of airborne sound transmission loss of building partitions such as walls,floor-ceiling assemblies,doors,and other space-dividing elements(Test Method E90).
1.Scope
1.1This test method covers the laboratory measurement of impact sound transmission offloor-ceiling assemblies using a standardized tapping machine.It is assumed that the test specimen constitutes the primary sound transmission path into a receiving room located directly below and that a good approximation to a diffuse soundfield exists in this room. 1.2Measurements may be conducted onfloor-ceiling as-semblies of all kinds,including those withfloating-floor or suspended ceiling elements,or both,andfloor-ceiling assem-blies surfaced with any type offloor-surfacing orfloor-covering materials.
1.3This test method prescribes a uniform procedure for reporting laboratory test data,that is,the normalized one-third octave band sound pressure levels transmitted by thefloor-ceiling assembly due to the tapping machine.
1.4Laboratory Accreditation—The requirements for ac-crediting a laboratory for performing this test method are given in Annex A
2.
1.5The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
C423Test Method for Sound Absorption and Sound Ab-sorption Coefficients by the Reverberation Room Method C634Terminology Relating to Building and Environmen-tal Acoustics
E90Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building Partitions and Ele-ments
E336Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound Attenuation between Rooms in Buildings
E989Classification for Determination of Impact Insulation Class(IIC)
E1007Test Method for Field Measurement of Tapping Machine Impact Sound Transmission Through Floor-Ceiling Assemblies and Associated Support Structures
E1414Test Method for Airborne Sound Attenuation Be-tween Rooms Sharing a Common Ceiling Plenum
E2235Test Method for Determination of Decay Rates for Use in Sound Insulation Test Methods
2.2ANSI Standards:3
1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33on Building and Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.03on Sound Transmission.
Current edition approved April1,2009.Published May2009.Originally approved in1973.Last previous edition approved in2004as E492–04.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3Available from American National Standards Institute(ANSI),25W.43rd St., 4th Floor,New York,NY10036,
Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
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S1.10Pressure Calibration of Laboratory Standard Pressure Microphones
S1.11Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Analog and Digital Filters
S1.43Specification for Integrating-Averaging Sound-Level Meters
S12.51Acoustics—Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Pressure—Precision Meth-ods for Reverberation Rooms 2.3ISO Standards:3
ISO 140/6Acoustics—Measurement of Sound Insulation in Buildings and of Building Elements Part 6:Laboratory Measurements of Impact Sound Insulation of Floors ISO 3741Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Pressure—Precision Methods for Reverberation Rooms 2.4IEC Standards:4
IEC 60942Electroacoustics—Sound Calibrators
IEC 61672Electroacoustics—Sound Level Meters—Part 1:Specifications
3.Terminology
3.1The following terms used in this test method have specific meanings that are defined in Terminology C 634:
airborne sound
average sound pressure level background noise decay rate decibel
diffuse sound field impact insulation class one-third octave band receiving room
reverberant sound field reverberation room sound absorption sound pressure level
3.2Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1receiving room —a reverberation room below the floor specimen under test in which the sound pressure levels due to the tapping machine are measured.
4.Summary of Test Method
4.1A standard tapping machine is placed in operation on a floor specimen that is intended to represent a horizontal separation between two rooms,one directly above the other.The average spectrum of the
sound pressure levels produced by the tapping machine is measured in the receiving room below in one-third octave bands.
4.2Since the spectrum depends on the absorption of the receiving room,the sound pressure levels are normalized to a reference absorption for purposes of comparing results ob-tained in different receiving rooms that differ in absorption.
5.Significance and Use
5.1The spectrum of the noise in the room below the test specimen is determined by the following:
5.1.1The size and the mechanical properties of the floor-ceiling assembly,such as its construction,surface,mounting or edge restraints,stiffness,or internal damping,
5.1.2The acoustical response of the room below,
5.1.3The placement of the object or device producing the impacts,and
5.1.4The nature of the actual impact itself.
5.2This test method is based on the use of a standardized tapping machine of the type specified in 8.1placed in specific positions on the floor.This machine produces a continuous series of uniform impacts at a uniform rate on a test floor and generates in the receiving room broadband sound pressure levels that are sufficiently high to make measurements possible beneath most floor types even in the presence of background noise.The tapping machine itself,however,is not designed to simulate any one type of impact,such as produced by male or female footsteps.
5.3Because of its portable design,the tapping machine does not simulate the weight of a human walker.Therefore,the structural ,creaks or booms of a floor assembly caused by such footstep excitation is not reflected in the single number impact rating derived from test results obtained by this test method.The degree of correlation between the results of tapping machine tests in the laboratory and the subjective acceptance of floors under typical conditions of domestic impact excitation is uncertain.The correlation will depend on both the type of floor construction and the nature of the impact excitation in the building.
5.4In laboratories designed to satisfy the requirements of this test method,the intent is that only significant path for sound transmission between the rooms is through the test specimen.This is not generally the case in buildings where there are often many other paths for sounds—flanking sound tra
nsmission .Consequently sound ratings obtained using this test method do not relate directly to sound isolation in buildings;they represent an upper limit to what would be measured in a field test.
5.5This test method is not intended for field tests.Field tests are performed according to Test Method E 1007.
6.Test Rooms
6.1The test facility shall be so constructed and arranged that the test specimen constitutes the only important transmis-sion path for the tapping machine sound.
N OTE 1—Common methods for ensuring that this requirement is satisfied include mounting the specimen resiliently in the test opening,mounting the specimen in a resiliently supported test frame,and support-ing rooms resiliently.In general,all rigid connections between the specimen and the test rooms should be avoided.
6.2The spatial variations of sound pressure level measured in the receiving room shall be such that the precision require-ments in Annex A1are satisfied at all frequencies.
6.3Volume of Receiving Room —The recommended mini-mum volume of the receiving room is 125m
3.
N OTE 2—See Test Method E 90for recommendations for new construc-tion.
6.4Room Absorption —The sound absorption in the receiv-ing room should be low to achieve the best possible simulation
4
Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),3rue de Varembé,Case postale 131,CH-1211,Geneva 20,Switzerland,
www.iec.ch.
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of the ideal diffusefield condition,and to minimize the region dominated by the directfield of the test specimen.In the frequency range that extends from f=2000/V1/3to2000Hz, the absorption in the receiving room(as furnished with diffusers)should be no greater than:
A5V2/3/3(1) where:
V=the room volume,m3,and
A=the sound absorption of the room,m2.
6.4.1For frequencies below f=2000/V1/3,somewhat higher absorption may be desirable to accommodate requirements of other test methods(for example,ISO3741);in any case,the absorption should be no greater than three times the value given by Eq1.
N OTE3—For frequencies above2000Hz,atmospheric absorption may make it impossible to avoid a slightly higher value than that given in Eq 1.
6.5During the sound pressure level and sound absorption measurements in the receiving room the average temperature shall be in the range2265°C and the average relative humidity shall be at least30%.
6.6During the sound pressure level and the corresponding sound absorption measurements,variations in temperature and humidity in the receiving room shall not exceed3°C and3% relative humidity respectively.Temperature and humidity shall be measured and recorded as often as necessary to ensure compliance.
6.6.1If a relative humidity of at least30%can not be maintained in the receiving room,users of the test method shall verify by calculation that changes in the10log A1term(see 12.4)due to changes in temperature and humidity do not exceed0.5dB.
N OTE4—Procedures for calculating air absorption are described in Test Method C423.
7.Test Specimens
7.1The test specimen shall be prepared and described in the test report in accordance with Annex A1of Test Method E90.
7.2Size and Mounting—The test specimen shall have a minimum lateral dimension of2.4m.An area of at least10m2 is recommended.The test specimen shall include all of the essential constructional elements and surfacing materials nor-mally found in an actual installation.Some elements may have to be reduced in size tofit each laboratory’s test opening.The test specimen shall be sealed to prevent tapping machine operational sounds from entering the room below.The speci-men shall be structurally isolated from the receiving room to avoid significant transmission of vibration from the specimen through the supporting structure to the room below.
7.3Floor-surfacing materials,such as vinyl,carpets and pads,especially when installed with adhesive,significantly affect the response of the test specimen to impacts,both during test and in normal use.Consequently,such materials shall be deemed parts of the test specimen.The materials and the manner of installing them shall be fully described in the test report.Thefloor-surfacing material shall cover the whole test specimen,not merely the portion under the impact machine.8.Tapping Machine
8.1This test method is based on the use of a standardized tapping machine that conforms to the following specifications: 8.1.1The tapping machine shall be motor-driven.
8.1.2The tapping machine shall havefive hammers equally spaced in a line.The distance between centerlines of neigh-boring hammers shall be10063mm.
8.1.3Each hammer shall have an effective mass of50066
g and shall fall freely from a height of4063mm.
editor evaluating revision8.1.4The falling direction of the hammers shall be perpen-dicular to the test surface to within60.5°.
8.1.5The part of the hammer carrying the impact surface shall be cylindrical with a diameter of3060.2m
m.
8.1.6The impact surface shall be of hardened steel and shall be approximately spherical with a curvature radius of5006 100mm.
N OTE5—The mean curvature radius for each hammer face may be determined using a spherometer or other means.
8.1.7The time between successive impacts shall be1006 20ms.
8.1.8Since friction in the hammer guidance system can reduce the velocity of the hammer at impact,the tapping machine shall be checked for friction between the hammers and the guidance system.Any friction found should be elimi-nated or reduced as much as possible.
8.1.9Following adjustment of the hammer drop in accor-dance with the specifications,the tapping machine is ready for use on anyfloor structure,including those surfaced with soft or resilient materials.
N OTE6—The above requirements are a subset of the ISO140/6 requirements.
8.2Tapping Machine Positions—The tapping machine po-sitions and orientations described in the following must be used.Fig.1illustrates one case.
8.2.1Position1—The middle hammer of the tapping ma-chine shall be coincident with the midpoint of thefloor area, that is,the point of intersection offloor diagonals.In framed construction,adjust this point to the centerline of the closest structural member or other support member,and arrange the tapping machine so that all hammers fall on the joist.
8.2.2Position2—Same as position1,except rotate the tapping machine90°about the axis of the middle hammer.
8.2.3Position3—Displace the tapping machine laterally from position1,such that the long dimension of the machine is centered midway between and parallel to the central structural member.In the case of homogeneous concrete slabfloors or solid deck construction without joists,the lateral displacement of the tapping machine shall be0.6m from that of position1.
8.2.4Position4—Position the tapping machine so that all hammers fall on a45°radial line extending from the middle hammer point of position1.Locate the middle hammer0.6m from the midpoint of position1.
9.Instrumentation Requirements
9.1The measurement process must account for levelfluc-tuations caused by spatial and temporal variations.Various systems of data collection and processing are possible,
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from a single microphone moving continuously,a single microphone placed in sequence at several measurement posi-tions,to several microphones making simultaneous measure-ments.
9.2Microphone Electrical Requirements —Use micro-phones that are stable and substantially omnidirectional in the frequency range of measurement,with a known frequency response for a random incidence sound field.(A 13-mm random-incidence condenser microphone is recommended.)Specifically,microphones,amplifiers and electronic circuitry to process microphone signals must satisfy the requirements of ANSI S1.43or IEC 61672for class 1sound level meters,except that A,B and C weighting networks are not required since one-third octave filters are used.Where multiple micro-phones are used,they shall be of the same model.
9.3Calibration —Calibrate each microphone over the whole range of test frequencies as often as necessary to ensure the required accuracy (see ANSI S1.10).A record shall be kept of the calibration data and the dates of calibration (see A2.4.1).9.4The calibration of the entire measurement system shall be checked before each set of measurements using an acous-tical calibrator that generates a known sound pressure level at the microphone diaphragm and at a known frequency.The Class of Calibrator shall be class 1or better per ANSI S1.40and/or IEC 60942.Data resulting from calibration shall be analyzed by the control chart method described in Part 3of ASTM STP 15D.The analysis shall be according to the subsection entitled “Control—No Standard Given”.If changes are made to the microphones or measurement system that result in changes in calibration values,a new control chart should be started.
9.5Standard Test Frequencies —Measurements shall be made in all one-third-octave bands with mid-band frequencies specified in ANSI S1.11from 100to 3150Hz.Additional one-third octave band measurements should be made at 50,63,and 80Hz to accumulate research data.
9.6Bandwidth —The overall frequency response of the filters used to analyze the microphone signals shall,for each test band,conform to the specifications in ANSI S1.11for a one-third octave band filter set,class 1or better.
10.Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels
10.1Measurements of the average sound pressure levels shall be made in the receiving room directly below the floor specimen using a procedure that satisfies the requirements in Annex A1.The measurements shall be in a series of frequency bands specified in 9.4for each of the tapping machine positions designated in 8.2.
10.2Background Noise Level —Measurements of the back-ground noise levels shall be made during each test to ensure that measurements of sound pressure level are not affected by extraneous airborne noise or electrical noise in the receiving system.These measurements shall be made at the same microphone positions using the same analyzer gain settings used to measure sound pressure levels generated by the tapping machine.
10.2.1If the background noise level is more than 10dB below the combined level of signal plus background,then no correction is to be made.
10.2.2If the background noise level is between 10and 5dB below the combined level,then adjustments must be made for the background noise level as follows.If L sb is the level of
the
FIG.1Tapping Machine Positions on a Floor with Structural Members 610mm
<
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signal and background combined,and L b is the level due to background noise only,then the adjusted signal level,L s ,in the absence of background noise is the following:
L s 510log ~10L sb /10–10L b /10!
(2)
10.2.3At those frequencies where the background noise
level is less than 5dB below the combined level,subtract 2dB from the combined level.In this case,the measurements can be used only to provide an estimate of the upper limit of the impact sound transmission.Identify such measurements in the test report.
11.Determination of Receiving Room Sound Absorption 11.1Measure the mean value of the receiving room absorp-tion at each frequency in accordance with Test Method E 2235.The determination of room absorption shall be made with the receiving room and the specimen in the same condition as for the measurement of the average sound pressure levels.12.Calculations
12.1Averaging Sound Pressure Levels —For each tapping machine position,a set of sound pressure levels corresponding to each microphone position in the receiving room will be
obtained.The space-time average sound pressure level (L –
p )for one tapping machine position is given by:
L p 510log S 1n (i 51
n
10L i /10
D
(3)
where:
n =number of microphone positions,and
L i =sound pressure level measured at a microphone posi-tion for one location of the tapping machine,dB re 20µPa.
12.2The average one-third octave band sound pressure
level (L –
0)of the four average sound pressure levels measured for each tapping machine position is given by:
L 0510log S
0.25
(p 51
4
10L p
/10D
(4)
12.3The standard deviation of the means for four tapping machine positions is given by:
s 05F 13(p 51
4
~L p –L 0!2
G
1/2
(5)
12.4The normalized sound pressure level,L n ,in each of the specified frequency bands shall be obtained from the following relationship:
L n 5L 0–10log ~A 0/A 1!
(6)
where:
A 1=sound absorption of the receiving room (m 2)mea-sured in the same frequency band used for the
measurement of L –
0,and
A 0=reference absorption of 10m 2.
12.5Variation in Sound Pressure Level Due to Tapping Machine Position —Many floor/ceiling assemblies are not homogeneous,thus there can be a variation in the average sound pressure levels
measured for each tapping machine
location.Since it is desirable to have some measure of the variability,the 95%uncertainty limits for the normalized sound pressure levels shall be determined from:
D L n 51.6@s 021s 2~f !/n #
1/2
(7)
where s(f)is determined according to Annex A3.
N OTE 7—Strictly,the uncertainty due to variation in room absorption should be included in this equation.In practice,however,this can be neglected.
13.Report
13.1The report shall include the following information:13.1.1A statement,if true in every respect,that the tests were conducted in accordance with the provisions of this method.
13.1.2In conformance with 7.1,a detailed description of the test specimen.The specimen area,total thickness,and the average weight per square meter shall be reported.A descrip-tion furnished by the sponsor of the test may be included in the report provided that it is attributed to the sponsor.The curing period,if any,and the final condition of the sample (shrinkage,cracks,etc.)shall be reported.
13.1.3The dates of construction and testing.
13.1.4The minimum and maximum temperature and rela-tive humidity in the receiving room.
13.1.5The volume of the receiving room.
13.1.6The normalized impact sound pressure levels (L n )to the nearest 1dB,for the one-third octave frequency bands given in 9.5.Results may be presented in graphical form.13.1.7Identify data affected by flanking transmission or background noise.
13.1.8The calculated 95%uncertainty limit (D L n )of the impact noise test data at each frequency (see Eq 7).
13.1.9If a single number ratings are given,the impact insulation class (IIC)described in Classification E 989shall be included.
TABLE 1Repeatability Standard Deviations
Frequency,
Hz A
B C wood joist re-test
wood joist re-build
150mm concrete re-install IIC 0.40.50.6500.50.9 1.6630.3 1.0 1.6800.30.8 1.61000.30.8 1.31250.4 1.1 1.51600.3 1.20.92000.20.7 1.22500.20.7 1.13150.2 1.0 1.24000.3 1.60.85000.10.60.86300.20.90.78000.2 1.20.810000.3 1.40.612500.3 1.10.716000.30.90.820000.5 1.10.625000.5 1.20.63150
0.6
1.6
0.6
-
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