一、在下列每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将其字母标号填入括号内。
1. Syntax studies two kinds of rules: syntagmatic and ____. (  )
A. paradigmatic          B. collocational      C. collogational            D. semantic
2. The father of modern linguistics is ____. (  )
A. Chomsky    B. Chimpsky        C. Saussure    D. G. Leech 
3. A native speaker’s intuition about the sounds and sound patterns of his language is ____knowledge. (  )
A. phonetic   　B. phonemic      C. phonological            D. allophone
4. A ____ relation refers to the sequential characteristic of speech. (  )
A. syntagmatic   　 B. paradigmatic      C. pragmatic        D. vertical
5. Which of the following examines word formation and the internal structure of words? (  )
　 A. syntax    B. semantics 　 C. morphology  　    D. phnology
6. If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment, they are said to be in ____distribution.(  )
A. parallel      B. free      C. complementary      D. constrative
3 d7. A surface structure corresponds most closely to the _____ arrangement of words as they are pronounced. (  )
A. parallel  　        B. paradigmatic        C. hierarchical   　      D. linear
8. The words that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning are called_____ (  )
  A. synonyms      B. antonyms      C. hyponyms    D. polysemics
9. Semantic ambiguity can be divided into two types: lexical ambiguity and _____ ambiguity (  )
A. meaning    B. structural      C. sequential             D. conventional
10. Usually sentence meaning is abstract and decontexualized, while utterance meaning is ____ and context-dependent. (  )
A. opaque   　B. unclear    C. concrete    　    D. subject
二、填空题。(每小题 1 分，共 10 分)
11. The study of speech sounds of all human languages is         .
12. Language has two levels. They are grammatically         level and sound meaningless level.
13. A native speaker’s intuition about whether a sentence is grammatical or not is         knowledge.
14. The study of the meaning of words and sentences is         .
15. In English, there are three nasal consonants. There are [         ].
16. Language         involves the way in which speech comes to thoughts.
17. The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in context while traditional semantics studies meaning in         from the context of use.
18. The         theory states that people acquire second language only if they obtain comprehensible input and if their affective filters are low enough to allow the input in.
19. As a theory of psychology,         Psychology deals with the study of nature and learning of systems of knowledge, particularly those processes involved in thought, perception, comprehension, memory and learning.
20. In second language acquisition,         approaches lay an emphasis on the importance of the inner world of an individual and put the individual’s thoughts, feelings and emotions at the first place in all human development.
三、判断改错题。(每小题 2 分，共 10 分) 如错误，请标明错误之处，并修改。
21. Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiate huma
n languages from animal communicative systems.
22. According to Chomsky, langue refers to the system of a language.
23. Specific linguistics aims at developing a theory that describes the rules of a particular language.
24. All sounds produced by human speech organs are linguistic symbols.
25. The word “boy” is neutral in general without any negative sense. However, when a twenty-year-old white man calls a forty-year-old black man “boy”, it obviously has a negative connotation reflecting the racist attitude of the speaker.
四、翻译题。(每小题 2 分，共 30 分)    请给出下列术语的英/汉语翻译

26. duality of structure    27. Arbitrariness    28. applied linguistics 
29. semantic field        30. Discourse analysis  31. microlinguistics 
32. lexical ambiguity
33. reference
34. relevance theory 35. integrative motivation36. 语言文化移入
37. 双语现象 38. 批评性话语分析 39. 关键期假说
40. 计算语言学
五、用英语简要回答下列问题。(每小题 4 分，共 20 分)
41. What’s the difference between tone languages and intonation languages?
42. What is a minimal pair?
43. What are the four stages involved in scientific method?
44. According to Halliday, what are the three functional components of adult language?
45. What is error analysis?
六、论述题 (每小题 10 分，共 20 分) 。请用英语回答下列问题，每题答案不少于120词。
46. How do you understand the differences between sociolinguistics and the sociology of linguistics?
47. What is your understanding of applied linguistics?

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