附录1 译文
A/D 转换器按照转换原理可分为直接A/D 转换器和间接A/D 转换器。所谓直接A/D 转换器,是把模拟信号直接转换成数字信号,如逐次逼近型,并联比较型等。其中逐次逼近型A/D 转换器,易于用集成工艺实现,且能达到较高的分辨率和速度,故目前集成化A/D 芯片采用逐次逼近型者多;间接A/D 转换器是先把模拟量转换成中间量,然后再转换成数字量,如电压/时间转换型(积分型),电压/频率转换型,电压/脉宽转换型等。其中积分型A/D 转换器电路简单,抗干扰能力强,切能作到高分辨率,但转换速度较慢。有些转换器还将多路开关、基准电压源、时钟电路、译码器和转换电路集成在一个芯片内,已超出了单纯A/D 转换功能,使用十分方便。
ADC 经常用于通讯、数字相机、仪器和测量以及计算机系统中,可方便数字讯号处理和信息的储存。大多数情况下,ADC 的功能会与数字电路整合在同一芯片上,但部份设备仍需使用独立的ADC。行动电话是数字芯片中整合ADC 功能的例子,而具有更高要求的蜂巢式基地台则需依赖独立的ADC 以提供最佳性能。
ICL7107是三位半双积分型A/D转换器,属于CMOS大规模集成电路,它的最大显示值为士1999,最小分辨率为100μV。能直接驱动共阳极LED数码管,不需要另加驱动器件,采用士5V两组电源供电,在芯片内部从
V与COM
+
之间有一个稳定性很高的2.8V基准电源,通过电阻分压器可获得所需的基准电压。能通过内部的模拟开关实现自动调零和自动极性显示功能,输入阻抗高,对输入信号无衰减作用。整机组装方便,无需外加有源器件,配上电阻、电容和LED共阳极数码管,就能构成一只直流数字电压表头。噪音低,温漂小,具有良好的可靠性,寿命长。芯片本身功耗小于15mv(不包括LED),不设有专门的小数点驱动信号。使用时可将LED共阳极数数码管公共阳极接
V,可以方便的
+
进行功能检查。
双积分型A/D转换器内部包括积分器、比较器、计数器,控制逻辑和时钟信号源。积分器是A/D转换器的心脏,在一个测量周期内,积分器先后对输入信号电压和基准电压进行两次积分。比较器将积分器的输出信号与零电平进行比较,比较的结果作为数字电路的控制信号。时钟信号计数器对反向积分过程的时钟脉冲进行计数。控制逻辑包括分频器、译码器、相位驱动器、控制器和锁存器。分频器用来
对时钟脉冲逐渐分频,得到所需的计数脉冲和共阳极LED数码管公共电极所需的方波信号。译码器为BCD七段译码器,将计数器的BCD码译成LED数码管七段笔画组成数字的相应编码。驱动器是将译码器输出对应于共阳极数码管七段笔画的逻辑电平变成驱动相应笔画的方波。控制器的作用有三个:第一,识别积分器的工作状态,适时发出控制信号,使各模拟开关接通或断开,A/D转换器能循环进行。第二,识别输入电压极性,控制LED数码管的负号显示。第二,当输入电压超量限时发出溢出信号,使符号位显示“1”,其余码全
部熄灭。调锁存器用来存放A/D 转换的结果,锁存器的输出经译码器后驱动LED 。
双积分模数转换器ICL7107的工作原理:当输入电压一定时,在一定时间内对电量为零的电容器进行恒流(电流大小与待测电压成正比)充电,这样电容器两极之间的电量将随时间线性增加,当充电到一定时间后,电容器上积累的电量与被测电压成正比。然后让电容器恒流放电(电流大小与参考电压成正比),这样电容器两极之间的电量将线性减小,直到T2时刻减小为零。所以,可以得出T2也与Vx 成正比。如果用计数器在T2开始时刻对时钟脉冲进行计数,结束时刻停止计数,得到计数值N2,则N2与Vx 成正比。双积分式AD 转换器的工作原理就是基于上述电容器充放电过程中计数器读数N2与输入电压Vx 成正比构成的。
ICL7107双积分式A/D 转换器的基本组成如图1-1所示。
图1-1 ICL7107内部结构图
ICL7107内部由积分器、过零比较器、逻辑控制电路、闸门电路、计数器、时钟脉冲源、锁存器、译码器及显示等电路所组成。它的转换电路大致分为三个阶段:
第一阶段,首先电压输入脚与输入电压断开而与地端相连放掉电容器C 上积累的电量,然后参考电容ref C 充电到参考电压值ref V ,同时反馈环给自动调零电容C AZ 以补偿缓冲放大器、积分器和比较器的偏置电压。这个阶段称为自动校零阶段。
第二阶段为信号积分阶段(采样阶段),在此阶段Vs 接到Vx 上使之与积分器相连,这样电容器C 将被以恒定电流充电,与此同时计数器开始计数,对于三位半模数转换器,当计到某一特定值(N1=1000)时充电过程结束,这样采样时间T1是恒定的,假设时钟脉冲为T CP ,则T1的计算见公式(1-1):
T1=N1×T CP (1-1)
在此阶段,V o 与Vx 极性相反,Qo 为T1时间内恒流给电容器C 充电得到的电量,Qo 和V o 的计算见公式(1-1)和(1-2):
Qo =dt R x ⨯⎰1
T 0V =1T V R
x (1-2) V o=-
C Qo =-1T V RC x (1-3)
第三阶段为反积分阶段(测量阶段),在此阶段,逻辑控制电路把已经充电至ref V 的参考电容ref C 按与X V 极性相反的方式经缓冲器接到积分电路,这样电容C 将以恒定的电流放电,与此同时计数器开始计数,电容器C 上的电量线性减小,当经过时间T2后,电容器电压减小到0,由零值比较器输出闸门控制信号再停止计数器计数并显示出计数结果。此阶段关系见公式(1-4): Vo+C 1dt R
ref ⨯⎰20V T=0 (1-4) 把式(1-3)代入式(1-4),所得结果见式(1-5):
T2=ref
VT1×Vx (1-5)从式(1-5)可以看出,由于T1和ref V 均为常数,所以T2与Vx 成正比,从图1-1可以看出。若时钟最小脉冲单元为CP T ,则T1和T2的计算见公式(1-6)和(1-7):
CP T 1N 1T ⨯=(1-6)
CP T 2N 2T ⨯=(1-7)
代入式(1-5),即有式(1-8):
N2=ref
V1N ×Vx (1-8) 可以得出测量的计数值N2与被测电压Vx 成正比。
双积分型A/D 转换器ICL7107是一种间接A/D 转换器。它通过对输入模拟电压和参考电压分别进行两次积分,将输入电压平均值变换成与之成正比的时间间隔,然后利用脉冲时间间隔,进而得出相应的数字性输出。对于ICL7107,信号积分阶段时间固定为1000个CP T ,即N1的值为1000不变。而N2的计数随Vx 的变化范围为0~1999,同时自动校零的计数范围为2999~1000,也就是测量周期总保持在4000个CP T 不变。即满量程时N2最大值见式(1-9):
max 2N =2×N1=2000(1-9)
中文翻译英文转换器Vx 最大值见式(1-10):
max V x =2×ref V (1-10)
这样若取参考电压为100mV ,则最大输入电压为200mV ;若参考电压为1V ,则最大输入电压为2V 。
图1-2 ICL7107内部电压变化图
附录2 英文参考资料
A / D converter can be divided in accordance with the principle of direct conversion A / D converter and indirect A / D converter. The so-called direct A / D converter, is to directly convert analog signals into digital signals, such as successive approximation, parallel comparison type. Which successive approximation A / D converter, easy to use integrated process to achieve and can achieve higher resolution and speed, so the current integrated A / D chip successive approximation are many; indirect A / D converter is the first Convert the analog intermediate amount, and then converted to digital, such as voltage / time conversion type (integral type), voltage / frequency conversion type, voltage / pulse width conversion type. Where the integral type A / D converter circuit is simple, anti-interference ability, high-resolution cut that could be done, but the conversion speed is slower. Some will be multi-switch converter, voltage reference, clock circuits, decoder and converter circuit in a single chip, which has been beyond the simple A / D conversion function, easy to use.
ADC often used for communications, digital cameras, equipment and measurement and computer systems, digital signal processing can be easily and information storage. In most cases, ADC will feature integration with digital circuits on the same chip, but part of the equipment needed to use a separate ADC. Mobile phone is a digital chip integrated ADC features examples and a more demandi
ng cellular base station independent of the ADC need to rely on to provide the best
performance.
ICL7107 is one of three semi-double integral type A / D converter, are CMOS LSI, the largest show of its 1999 value of persons, the minimum resolution of 100μV. Can directly drive common anode LED digital tube, the device does not require additional drivers, two 5V power supply with disabilities, and the COM in the chip from a high stability between the 2.8V reference supply through a resistor divider obtain the necessary reference voltage. Through the analog switch inside the automatic zero adjustment and auto polarity display, high input impedance, the input signal without attenuation. Machine assembly convenience, no external active components, coupled with resistors, capacitors and common anode LED digital tube, can constitute a DC digital voltage meter. Low noise, temperature drift is small, has good reliability, long life. Chip itself consumes less than 15mv (not including LED), will not have a specific decimal point drive signal. LED can be used a total number of digital public anode anode connection, you can easily carry out functional check.
Double integral type A / D converter includes an internal integrator, comparator, counter, control logic and clock signal source. Integrator is the A / D converter in the heart of a measurement cycle, the int
egrator has the input signal voltage and reference voltage for two points. Comparator to the integrator output signal compared with the zero level to compare the results of the control signal as a digital circuit. Clock signal on the reverse integration process of counter clock pulse count. Control logic including the divider, the decoder, phase drives, controllers and latch. Divider used to divide the clock pulse gradually to get the required count pulse and a total of LED digital tube anode electrode required public square wave signal. BCD seven segment decoder for the decoder, the counter code into BCD seven segment LED digital tube digital strokes corresponding code. Drive is the decoder output corresponds to the common anode seven-segment digital logic level strokes strokes into the corresponding square wave drive. The role of the controller there are three: first, identify the working status of the integrator, timely control signals, so that the analog switch on or off, A / D converter can loop. Second, identify the input voltage polarity, the control LED digital display negative numbers. Second, when the issue of overflow limit excessive input voltage signal to display the sign bit "1", all of the remaining yards out. Transfer latch used to store A / D conversion results, the output latch by the decoder after the drive LED.
Double integral ADC ICL7107 works: When the input voltage is constant, within a certain time, the capacitor charge is zero constant current (current and sensed voltage is proportional to the size of) c
harge, so that the capacitor between the power poles will be increases linearly with time, when the charge to a certain time, the accumulation of charge on the capacitor and the measured voltage. Then let the
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