动词不定式作目的状语
英语中的动词不定式具有副词的功能,可以在句子中作状语,表示多种意义。在这里就动词不定式作目的状语进行单独讨论。
一、不定式和不定式短语作目的状语
不定式和不定式短语作目的状语,主要用来修饰动词,表示某一动作或状态的目的。为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时,还可以在前面加 in order to 或 so as to。例如:
I've written it down in order not to forget.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
在句子中作谓语动词的状语的不定式或不定式短语,表示的是主语的目的,因此,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。比较:
To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(正)
To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed.(误)
由 in order to 引导的目的状语,既可以置于句尾,也可以置于句首,而由 so as to 引导的目
一、不定式和不定式短语作目的状语
不定式和不定式短语作目的状语,主要用来修饰动词,表示某一动作或状态的目的。为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时,还可以在前面加 in order to 或 so as to。例如:
I've written it down in order not to forget.
He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.
在句子中作谓语动词的状语的不定式或不定式短语,表示的是主语的目的,因此,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。比较:
To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(正)
To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed.(误)
由 in order to 引导的目的状语,既可以置于句尾,也可以置于句首,而由 so as to 引导的目
的状语,只能置于句尾,而不能置于句首。比较:
They started early in order to get there in time.(正)
In order to get there in time, they started early.(正)
They started early so as to get there in time.(正)
So as to get there in time, they started early.(误)
二、不定式的复合结构作目的状语
当不定式或不定式短语有自己的执行者时,要用不定式的复合结构(即在不定式或不定式短语之前加 for + 名词或宾格代词)作状语。例如:
He opened the door for the children to come in.
She fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.
三、目的状语从句与不定式的转换
英语中的目的状语从句,还可以变为不定式或不定式短语作状语,从而使句子在结构上得以简化。可分为两种情况:
They started early in order to get there in time.(正)
In order to get there in time, they started early.(正)
They started early so as to get there in time.(正)
So as to get there in time, they started early.(误)
二、不定式的复合结构作目的状语
当不定式或不定式短语有自己的执行者时,要用不定式的复合结构(即在不定式或不定式短语之前加 for + 名词或宾格代词)作状语。例如:
He opened the door for the children to come in.
She fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.
三、目的状语从句与不定式的转换
英语中的目的状语从句,还可以变为不定式或不定式短语作状语,从而使句子在结构上得以简化。可分为两种情况:
1. 当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同时,可以直接简化为不定式或不定式短语作状语。例如:
We'll start early in order that/so that we may arrive in time.
We'll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time.
2. 当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语不相同时,要用动词不定式的复合结构作状语。例如:
I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting.
I came early (in order) for you to read my report before the meeting.
We'll start early in order that/so that we may arrive in time.
We'll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time.
2. 当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语不相同时,要用动词不定式的复合结构作状语。例如:
I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting.
I came early (in order) for you to read my report before the meeting.
动词不定式作宾语补足语
动词不定式既有动词的性质,又有名词的性质。它没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能独立作谓语。动词不定式在句子中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语、同位语等:动词不定式在句子中可以用作宾语补足语,常用的“动词+宾语+不定式”的句子结构中。不定式作宾语补足语的有以下八种类型:(下列句子中划线部分作宾语补足语)
一、许多动词可跟一个宾语 + to do…构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语;否定形式为“动词+宾语+not to do…”。例如:do sb/sth to do sth
My boss told me to type out two letters.
分析:句中“My boss”做主语,“told”作谓语,“me”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。
They forbade her to leave the country.
Please remind me not to be late for the meeting.
适用于“动词+宾语+(not)to do…”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,direct,encourage,expect,forbid,force,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,teach,reportedtell,want,warn等。
二、有些动词可跟“宾语+to be…”构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
I consider him to be the best candidate.
分析:句中“I”做主语,“consider”作谓语,“him”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。
I know him to be a liar.
I suppose him to be away from home.
适用于“动词+宾语+to be…”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:consider,declare,discover,feel,find,suppose等。
三、有些动词(感官动词和使动词)后可跟不带to的不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
He saw her enter the room.
分析:句中“He”做主语,“saw”作谓语,“her”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。
She won't let me do it.
I heard her lock the door.
We watched the children play games.
适用于“动词+宾语+do…”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:feel,have,hear,let,make,notice,observe,see,watch等。还有两个词组:listen to,look at.
注意:这类句子变为被动结构时,不定式前加to。请看下列句子,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。例如:
A child was seen to enter the building.
She was often heard to sing this song.
四、help后的不定式可加to,也可不加to(美国人不加to时较多),但被动结构中要加to。例如:
I'll help you(to) push the cart.
分析:句中“I”做主语,“will help”作谓语,“you”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。
上句的被动语态为:You'll be helped to push the cart.
五、有些“动词+介词”的结构后也可跟不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
He shouted to me to come over.
分析:句中“He”做主语,“shouted”作谓语,“to”为介词,“me”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子,句子的结构为“动词+介词+宾语+to do…”,划线部分为不定式,作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。
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