第2讲　非谓语动词
非谓语动词是高中英语语法中的重要部分，是高考的必考项目。非谓语动词包括动词不定式、分词(现在分词、过去分词)、动名词，在句子中可以作除谓语以外的其他成分。非谓语动词常考考点主要有动词不定式的功能、现在分词和过去分词的用法区别及非谓语动词的时态、语态、省略等。该项内容考查考生在具体语言环境中理解句子结构和分析句子成分的能力。
1．不定式的用法
Xiao Ming wants to become① a basketball star and his dream is to play② basketball in the  he has so much homework to do③.In order to have④ more time to play③ basketball，Xiao Ming decides to study① hard to get④ a high  really hopes that his father will allow him to play⑤ basketball every day.To make his dream come true⑥ is not easy.
[规则感悟]　动词的不定式形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作宾语　②作表语　③作定语　④作状语　⑤作宾补　⑥作主语
2．动词-ing形式的用法
Reading① is one of Xiao Meng’s  she was a child，she has been dreaming of becoming② a  month，she read a book describing③ love between a prince and a sleeping④beauty—a girl whose gift was solving⑤ difficult problems in her  girl often found herself solving⑥ problems while sleeping⑦ soundly，making⑧ her partners  book is very interesting⑤.Xiao Meng really enjoys reading② the novel and imagines solving② difficult problems in her own dreams.
[规则感悟]　动词-ing形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作主语　②作宾语　③作后置定语　④作前置定语　⑤作表语　⑥作宾补　⑦⑧作状语
3．过去分词的用法
Praised① by my teacher，I felt pleased②.The reason why I was praised was that I picked
up a lost③ cellphone and returned it to the  incident made my parents amazed④.
[规则感悟]　动词的过去分词形式在句子中作什么成分：
①作状语　②作表语　③作定语　④作宾补
种类
形式
主动
被动
主语
宾语
宾补
表语
定语
状语
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
√
√
√
√
√
√
进行式
to be doing
×
完成式
to have done
to have been done
动名词
一般式
doing
being done
√
√
×
√
√
×
完成式
having done
having been done
分词
现在分词
一般式
doing
being done
×
×
√
√
√
√
完成式
having done
having been done
过去分词
一般式
done(vi.)
表完成
done(vtreact to后面加什么.)表被动
与完成
×
×
√
√
√
√
Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.听别人对你刚读过的这本书的反应会带来额外的乐趣。
It’s time I got down to thinking about that essay.我该认真思考一下那篇论文了。
Asked what had happened，he lowered his head.
问他发生了什么事的时候，他低下了头。
Tom took a taxi to the airport，only to find his plane high up in the sky.汤姆乘出租车去了机场，结果发现他要乘坐的飞机已飞入高空。
Having been ignored for a long time，the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.
因长时间被忽视，坐在后面的那个男孩感到枯燥就出去了。
There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前，还有很多问题需要解决。
Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first computer.
人们一致认为查尔斯·巴贝奇发明了第一台计算机。
对点练习
1．Activities there range from whale watching to hiking(远足) and accommodations aim to have (have) a low impact on the natural environment.(2021·全国乙)
2．After spending (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall，we decided it was time for some action and what better than to ride on a piece of history! (2021·全国甲)
3．They make great gifts and you see them many times decorated(decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune.(2020·全国Ⅱ)
4．According to the study，when faced (face) with the new challenges，fast walkers are more likely to be active while quiet people tend to walk more slowly.
5．Most high school students want to get into famous universities and they spend most of their time reviewing(review) lessons.
1．非谓语动词作主语
(1)不定式作主语，一般表示具体某一次的动作。常用it作形式主语，而不定式是真正的主语，放在句末，以使句子保持平衡。
To see is to believe.眼见为实。
It is right to give up smoking.
戒烟是正确的。
注意　
在“It is/was＋adj.＋for/of sb to do sth”结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用of，此时形容词常为kind，nice，foolish等词，且sb与形容词之间可构成逻辑上的系表关系；若形容词侧重于描写不定式动作的特征、特点，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应用for。
It is generous of him to contribute so much.
他捐献了这么多真是太慷慨了。
It was important for us to live a low-carbon life.
过一种低碳生活对我们来说很重要。
(2)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念，一般都放在谓语动词前，有时用it作形式主语。
Playing with fire is dangerous.

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