专题2　非谓语动词
非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
react to的用法种类
时态
主动
被动
主语
宾语
宾补
表语
定语
状语
不定式
一般式
to do
to be done
√
√
√
√
√
√
进行式
to be doing
×
完成式
to have done
to have been done
动名词
一般式
doing
being done
√
√
×
√
√
×
完成式
having done
having been done
分词
现在
一般式
doing
being done
×
×
√
√
√
√
完成式
having done
having been done
过去
一般式
done(vi.)表完成
done(vt.)表被动与完成
×
×
√
√
√
√
非谓语动词的核心考点
1.非谓语动词作状语
(1)不定式作状语
①表示目的
I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired.
②不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only。
George returned after the war，only to be told that his wife had left him.
(2)现在分词作状语
①一般式doing
表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。
The sun began to rise in the sky，bathing the mountain in golden light.(主动关系)
②完成式having done
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
I got to the office earlier that day，having caught the 7：30 train from Paddington.
③被动式having been done
表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。
Having been asked to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前)
(3)过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。
Seen from the top of the mountain，the city is very beautiful.(被动关系)
2.非谓语动词作定语
(1)现在分词作定语
现在分词(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。
Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home，there was a pile of mails waiting for her.
(2)不定式作定语
不定式作定语表示未做的事情。
His first book to be published next month is based on a true story.
不定式作定语的特殊用法：
①下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance，right，courage，promise，time，opportunity，way，the first，the second，the last，the only等。
②不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
There is no one to look after her.
③不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。
She is now looking for a room to live in.
(3)过去分词作定语
过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。
You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts.
His first book published last month is based on a true story.
注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词-ed形式，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression，tears，smile，voice等名词。
3.非谓语动词作宾语
(1)动词afford，promise，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，wish，want，fail，plan，a
gree，forget，like，prefer，decide，manage，try，arrange，determine，desire等后面接不定式作宾语；动词come，get，grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地……”。
David refused to accept my invitation.
She has a hot temper，but you will grow to like her.
注意：下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语：teach，decide，wonder，show，learn，forget，ask，find out，advise，discuss等。
I don’t know how to deal with this kind of matter.
(2)①动词admit，appreciate，avoid，consider(考虑)，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，risk，resist，suggest等后要接动名词作宾语。
Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation.
②动词短语can’t stand，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put off，
，object to，be busy (in)，get down to，have difficulty/trouble (in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time (in)，have fun等后要接动名词作宾语。
I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.
③介词后要接动名词作宾语，如what about，how about，be fond of，be good at等的介词后接动名词。注意on/upon doing sth.＝as soon as 引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。
On his arrival/On arriving at the station，he found the train had just started.
注意：①表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语；表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。
I like listening to music，but today I don’t like to.
②want，require，need表“需要”讲，后用不定式时，要用其被动形式；用动名词时，用其主动形式(表被动意义)。
The patient required to be examined.
The patient required examining.
4.非谓语动词作主语
(1)动名词作主语
Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.
It is no use crying over spilt milk.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)
(2)不定式作主语
To see is to believe.＝Seeing is believing.
It is important to respect people.(不定式短语作主语，it作形式主语)
5.非谓语动词作宾补
(1)分词作补语的区别
①现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有：have，see，hear，find，get，leave，notice，watch，keep，start，set，catch，smell，feel，send，listen to，look at等。
I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
I won’t have you speaking to your dad like that.
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被动，正在进行)
②过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有：have，see，hear，find，leave，want，make等。

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