2008 Text 1
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1、While still catching up to men in some sphere s of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. 尽管女性在现代生活的某些领域一直未能超过男性，但在至少一个不那么受欢迎的领域，女性似乎走在了男性的前面。
1.1 sphere英/sfɪə/ 美/sfɪr/n. 范围；球体adj. 球体的vt. 包围；放入球内；使…成球形
1.2 appear to be好像是；仿佛 1.3 undesirable英/ʌndɪ'zaɪərəb(ə)l/ 美/,ʌndɪ'zaɪərəbl/n. 不良分子；不受欢迎的人adj. 不良的；不受欢迎的；不合需要的
1.4 category英/'kætɪg(ə)rɪ/ 美/'kætəɡɔri/n. 种类，分类；[数] 范畴
2、“Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York`s Veteran`s Administration Hospital. 在纽约退伍军人管理医院工作的首席精神病学家叶沪德博士说，"与男性相比，女性面对压力时特别容易发展成抑郁或焦虑性障碍。"
2.1 susceptible英/sə'septɪb(ə)l/ 美/sə'sɛptəbl/n. 易得病的人adj. 易受影响的；易感动的；容许…的
2.2 depression英/dɪ'preʃ(ə)n/ 美/dɪ'prɛʃən/n. 沮丧；忧愁；抑郁症；洼地；不景气；低气压区
2.3 disorders英美/dɪs'ɔrdɚ/n. 无秩序，混乱；小病（disorder的复数形式）v. [电子] 扰乱（disorder 的单三形式）anxiety disorders焦虑症；焦虑性障碍
2.4 psychiatrist英/saɪ'kaɪətrɪst/ 美/saɪ'kaɪətrɪst/n. 精神病学家，精神病医生
2.5 veteran英/'vet(ə)r(ə)n/美/'vɛtərən/n. 老兵；老手；富有经验的人；老运动员adj. 经验丰富的；老兵的
2.6 administration英/ədmɪnɪ'streɪʃ(ə)n/ 美/əd,mɪnɪ'streʃən/n. 管理；行政；实施；行政机构Paragraph 2
1、Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormone s somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. 对人类和动物的研究都表明性激素在某种程度上影响对压力的反应，在同样状况下，处于压力状态下的女性比男性产生更多的触发器化学物质。
1.1 hormone英/'hɔːməʊn/ 美/'hɔrmon/n. [生理] 激素，荷尔蒙
1.2 trigger英/'trɪgə/美/'trɪɡɚ/n. 扳机；[电子] 触发器；制滑机vt. 引发，引起；触发vi. 松开扳柄
2、In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. 在几项研究中，当将处于压力状态下的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）被摘除，他们产生的化学物质就变得和雄鼠一样多。
2.1 ovaries英/əʊvərɪz/ 美/ovərɪz/n. [解剖] 卵巢，[植] 子房（ovary复数形式）
2.2 reproductive英/,riːprə'dʌktɪv/ 美/,riprə'dʌktɪv/adj. 生殖的；再生的；复制的
2.3 organ英/'ɔːg(ə)n/ 美/'ɔrɡən/n. [生物] 器官；机构；风琴；管风琴；嗓音
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1、Adding to a woman`s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It`s not necessarily that women don`t cope as well. It`s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. 此外，使女性处于压力状态下的化学物质增多的另一个原因是她们面对压力的机会增多。叶沪德博士说，"这并不是说女性做事不如男性做得那样好，只是因为她们要做的事儿太多。"
1.1 dose英/dəʊs/ 美/dos/n. 剂量；一剂，一服vt. 给药；给…服药vi. 服药
1.2 cope英/kəʊp/ 美/kop/n. 长袍vi. 处理；对付；竞争
2、“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men`s,” she observes, “it`s just that they`re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”他说，"女性对压力的耐受力甚至超过了男性，只是因为她们要处理太多的事务，她们才更快更明显地变得筋疲力尽。"
2.1 observe英/əb'zɜːv/ 美/əb'zɝv/vt. 观察；遵守；说；注意到；评论vt. 庆祝vi. 观察；说；注意到；评论worn out疲惫不堪的；耗尽的
2.2 visibly英/'vizəbli/ 美/'vɪzəbli/adv. 明显地；显然；看得见地
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1、Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.叶沪德博士还注意到两性之间的另一个差异。"我认为女性接触的事情往往是长期的、重复的。男性参战，要承受战争压力。
1.1 chronic英/'krɒnɪk/ 美/'krɑnɪk/adj. 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的
1.2 combat英/'kɒmbæt; 'kʌm-/ 美/'kɑmbæt/n. 战斗；争论adj. 战斗的；为…斗争的vi. 战斗；搏斗vt. 反
对；与…战斗
2、Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. 男人接触的往往是随机的身体上的暴力，而女性接触的人与人之间的暴力往往发生在家里，不幸的是，其实施者是父母或其他家庭成员，而这些暴力往往不只一次。
2.1 random英/'rændəm/ 美/'rændəm/n. 随意adj. [数] 随机的；任意的；胡乱的adv. 胡乱地
2.2 domestic英/də'mestɪk/ 美/də'mɛstɪk/n. 国货；佣人adj. 国内的；家庭的；驯养的；一心只管家务的one-shot英/'wʌn'ʃɔt/ 美/'wʌn'ʃɔt/adj. 只有一次的
3、The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”这种长期关系带来的折磨有可能给她们造成毁灭性的打击。"
3.1 devastating英/'devəsteitiŋ/adj. 毁灭性的；全然的v. 摧毁（devastate的ing形式）；毁坏Paragraph 5
1、Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. 爱德琳〃爱尔活瑞茨18岁结婚，生了儿子，但是决心读完大学。
"我为获得大学学位苦苦挣扎过。
2、I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. 生活中面临那么多的挫折，所以上学不断进步、做得更好，这对我来说意味着一种解脱。"从那之后，她离了婚，成了一位单身母亲。"
3、“It`s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”最困难的事情是照顾一个十几岁的孩子，上班，付房租，付车贷，偿还债务。我的生活就是从付账单到付账单。"
3.1 paycheck英/'peɪtʃek/ 美/'pe,tʃɛk/n. 付薪水的支票，薪水
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1、Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. 爱尔活瑞茨指出，并非每个人都会经历长期的严重压力，但是如今大多数女性要承担许多责任，很少有休息时间，一直面临压力。
1.1 chronic英/'krɒnɪk/ 美/'krɑnɪk/adj. 慢性的；长期的；习惯性的
1.2 obligation英/ɒblɪ'geɪʃ(ə)n/ 美/,ɑblɪ'ɡeʃən/n. 义务；职责；债务
1.3 strain英/streɪn/ n. 张力；拉紧；负担；扭伤；血缘vt. 拉紧；滥用；滤去；竭力vi. 拉紧；尽力
2、Alvarez`s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function. 爱尔活瑞茨的经历表明，要在压力威胁到你的健康和技能之前到方法疏导它，这一点很重要。
2.1 demonstrate英/'demənstreɪt/ 美/'dɛmən'stret/vt. 证明；展示；论证vi. 示威
2.2 diffuse英/dɪ'fjuːz/ 美/dɪ'fjus/vt. 扩散；传播；漫射adj. 弥漫的；散开的vi. 传播；四散
2008 Text 2
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1、It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors` names and affiliation s from the paper and send it to their peers for review.过去事情如此简单。实验室里工作的一组研究者将研究结果呈交给一本期刊，之后期刊编辑从论文上删掉作者的名字和简历，将它送给同行审阅。
1.1straightforward英/streɪt'fɔːwəd/ 美/,stret'fɔrwɚd/adj. 简单的；坦率的；明确的；径直的adv. 直截了当地；坦率地
1.2 submit英/səb'mɪt/ 美/səb'mɪt/vi. 提交；服从vt. 使服从；主张；呈递
1.3 affiliation英/əfɪlɪ'eɪʃ(ə)n/ 美/ə,fɪlɪ'eʃən/n. 友好关系；加入；联盟；从属关系
2、Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. 根据同行的审阅评语，编辑将发表论文或者退稿。
3、Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. 版权属于期刊出版商，而那些想了解研究成果的研究者则必须订阅该期刊。
3.1 copyright n. 版权，著作权adj. 版权的；受版权保护的vt. 保护版权；为…取得版权
3.2 subscribe英/səb'skraɪb/ vt. 签署；赞成；捐助vi. 订阅；捐款；认购；赞成；签署Paragraph 2
1、No longer. The Internet –and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it
– is making access to scientific results a reality. 现在不再是这样了。提供资金的机构施加压力，质疑为什么商业刊物可以通过限制刊载的手段从政府投资的研究项目中牟利，互联网使阅读科研结果成为现实。
1.1 commercial英/kə'mɜːʃ(ə)l/美/kə'mɝʃəl/n. 商业广告adj. 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的
1.2 restricting英/ris'triktiŋ/ 美/rɪ'strɪkt/n. 整形，限制；扼流v. 限制（restrict的ing形式）
2、The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. 经济合作与发展组织(OECD)刚刚发表一份报告，以阐明此种变化的深远意义。 2.1 ar-reaching英/'fɑ:'ri:tʃiŋ/ 美/'fɑ:'ri:tʃiŋ/adj. 深远的；广泛的；伸至远处的
3、The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. 澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰•霍克顿和经济合作发展组织的格雷厄姆•维科瑞共同撰写了该报告，报告将令那些目前为止获益颇丰的出版商感到心情沉重。 3.1 handsome英/'hæns(ə)m/美/'hænsəm/adj.（男子）英俊的；可观的；大方的，慷慨的；健美而端庄的
4、But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. 但是其意义远远不止于此。它预示了科学事业一直以来的关键因素的一种转变。
4.1 element英/'elɪm(ə)nt/ 美/'ɛləmənt/n. 元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境
4.2 endeavor英/ɪn'devə/ 美/ɪn'dɛvɚ/n. 努力；尽力（等于endeavour）vi. 努力；尽力（等于endeavour）scientific endeavor科学探索
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1、The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business.知识的价值以及公众投资研究的回归部分依赖于期刊的广泛传播，人们随时都可以看到。这是大生意。
2、In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. 在美国，估计核心科学读物的出版市场价值在70亿至110亿美元之间。
2.1 estimated英/'estimetid/ 美/ɛstəˌmetɪd/adj. 估计的；预计的；估算的
3、The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. 国际科学技术医疗出版协会指出，全球范围内有超过2000家出版商专攻这些领域。他们每年差不多16000种期刊上发表超过120万篇论文。
3.1 specialize英/'speʃəlaiz/ 美/'spɛʃəlaɪz/vi. 专门从事；详细说明；特化vt. 使专门化；使适应特殊情况；详细说明specializing英美/'spɛʃəl,aɪz/n. 专攻specialize in专门从事Paragraph 4
1、This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report`s authors. 现在这种情况在改变。根据OECD的报告，现在差不多75%的学术期刊可在线查阅。全新的商业模式在逐步显现；该报告的作者主要确认了三种模式。
1.1scholarly英/'skɒləlɪ/ 美/'skɑlɚli/adj. 博学的；学者风度的；学者派头的
1.2 entirely英/ɪn'taɪəlɪ; en-/ 美/ɪn'taɪɚli/adv. 完全地，彻底地
2、There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. 首先是所谓的大生意，即有机构订购期刊，通过签订网址许可协议，为网上期刊的查阅付费。第二种是开放权限出版模式，典型的是让作者（或其他雇主）支付论文出版的费用。
3、Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international la
boratories support institutional repositories. 最后一种是开放权限档案模式，即背后有诸如大学或国际实验室这样的组织为机构提供知识库存。
3.1 archive 英/'ɑ:kaiv/ 美/'ɑrkaɪv/n. 档案馆；档案文件vt. 把…存档
4、Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. 其他现有的模式是这三种模式的结合，例如延迟权限开放模式，即期刊在允许任何想要阅读一篇论文的人免费阅读之前，在前六个月，只允许订阅者查阅论文。
4.1 hybrid英/'haɪbrɪd/ 美/'haɪbrɪd/n. ，混血儿；混合物adj. 混合的；的
5、All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers. 所有这些都会改变同行审阅论文的传统流程，至少在论文出版领域是这样。
2008 Text 3
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1、In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the National Basketball Associ
ation (NBA) listed at over seven feet. 在20世纪60年代早期，威尔特•张伯伦是美国NBA球员中个子超过7英尺的三个球员之一。
2、If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. 但是，如果他上个赛季参赛了的话，他就会是42人中的一个了。react to stress的中文翻译
3、The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. 这些年来，那些从事主要职业球赛的球员的身材发生了巨大的变化，经理们十分愿意调整队服以适应不断增多的越来越高大的身躯。
3.1 dramatically英/drə'mætɪkəlɪ/ 美/drə'mætɪkli/adv. 戏剧地；引人注目地adv. 显著地，剧烈地
3.2 frame英/freɪm/ 美/frem/n. 框架；结构；[电影] 画面adj. 有木架的；有构架的vt. 设计；建造；陷害；使…适合vi. 有成功希望
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1、The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. 体育界的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个不为人知的现实：美国人普遍不再长高了。
1.1 obscure英/əb'skjʊə/ 美/əb'skjʊr/adj. 昏暗的，朦胧的；晦涩的，不清楚的；隐蔽的；不著名的，无名的vt. 使…模糊不清，掩盖；隐藏；使难理解n. 某种模糊的或不清楚的东西obscuring n. 模糊
2、Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today`s people – especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations - apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren`t likely to get any taller. 尽管相比140年前，现在的典型身高增长了2英寸，但是现在的人，特别是那些出生于在美国生活了几代的家庭里的人，他们的身高显然在20世纪60年代早期就达到了极限。他们可能不会变得更高了。
3、“In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we`ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. 赖特州立大学的人类学家威廉卡梅伦•乔姆勒说，"现在的普通人中，就目前的基因和环境水平而言，我们已远超出了我们所能发育的程度。 3.1 genetic英/dʒɪ'netɪk/ 美/dʒə'nɛtɪk/adj. 遗传的；基因的；起源的
4、In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world. "而NBA球员的情况是，他们身高的增加是由于全球各地招募球员这一越来越普遍的做法。
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1、Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrient s –notably, protein–to feed expanding tissue s. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infection s got in the way. 人超过20岁之后，很少会继续长高。长高需要卡路里和营养素--特别是蛋白质--来滋养不断扩张的组织。在20世纪初期，营养不良及儿童感染阻碍了增高。
1.1 calorie 英/'kælərɪ/ 美/'kæləri/n. 卡路里（热量单位）
1.2 nutrient英/'njuːtrɪənt/ 美/'nutrɪənt/n. 营养物；滋养物adj. 营养的；滋养的
1.3 notably英/'nəʊtəblɪ/ 美/'notəbli/adv. 显著地；尤其
1.4 protein英/'prəʊtiːn/ 美/'protin/n. 蛋白质；朊adj. 蛋白质的
1.5 tissue 英/'tɪʃuː; 'tɪsjuː/ 美/'tɪʃu/n. 组织；纸巾；薄纱；一套vt. 饰以薄纱；用化妆纸揩去
1.6 infection英/ɪn'fekʃ(ə)n/ 美/ɪn'fɛkʃən/n. 感染；传染；影响；传染病
2、But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. 但是随着饮食和健康状况提高，儿童及青少年每20年就普遍增高差不多1.5英寸，这已成了众所周知的身高增长上的一个长期趋势。
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