1. 从大学翻译课程里学到了什么?
① 国内外的翻译史
② 一些知名的翻译派别及其各自学说
③ 翻译技巧
2. 知道哪些翻译技巧?
① 加注(annotation):由于英汉文化存在许多差异,因此英语中某些文化词语在汉语中根本就没有对等词,形成了词义上的空缺。在这种情况下,英译汉时常常要采用加注法来弥补空缺。加注通常可以用来补充诸如背景材料、词语起源等相关信息,便于读者理解。加注法可分为音译加注和直译加注两种。
a. 音译加注指音译后附加解释性注释。注释可长可短,可采用文中注释,也可采用脚注,还可二者合用。
e.g. Like a son of Bachus, he can drink up two bottles of whisky at a breath.
他简直像酒神巴赫斯的儿子,能一口气喝光两瓶威士忌。
*巴赫斯是古希腊神话中的酒神。
b. 直译加注指直译原文,并附加解释性注释。注释可长可短,既可采用文中注释,也可采用脚注,还可二者合用。例如:
e.g. Big Apple 大苹果(纽约的别称)
e.g. It was Friday *and soon they'd go out and get drunk.
星期五发薪日到了,他们马上就要上街去喝得酩酊大醉。
*星期五[Friday]为英国的发薪日。如不解释,译入语读者就不会明白英国人为什么要在这一天上街去大吃大喝。
② 增词(amplification):英汉两种语言由于表达方式不尽相同,翻译时常常有必要在译文的词量上作适当的增加,使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格,又能符合译入语的表达习惯。但是增词必须是根据具体情况增加非增加不可的词语。增词一般用于以下三种情况:一
是为了语法上的需要;二是为了意义上的需要;三是为了修辞上的需要。
a.    语法上的需要:英语中没有量词,汉译时就得根据汉语的表达习惯增加合适的量词。
e.g. The sun rose thinly from the sea. 一轮红日从海边淡淡升起。
b.    意义上的需要:英译汉有时有必要增加合适的动词、形容词或副词,使译文意思明确。
e.g. These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.
这些早期的汽车速度缓慢,行动笨拙,效率不高。(译文中在形容词前分别加上了三个名词,既使译文意思明确,又使它形成四字词组,匀称整齐。)
c.    修辞上的需要:为了使译文优美自如、活泼生动或是得到强调,有时有必要重复某些词语或是增加适当的描述词、语气助词、重叠词、承上启下的词、概括词。
e.g. Only very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.
欢迎他的只有几下轻轻地、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。(叠词)
③ 减词(Omission):减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况:一是从语法角度进行减省;二是从修饰角度进行减省。
a.    语法角度:英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大,例如:英语有冠词,而汉语却没有;英语重形合、连接词较多,汉语重意合、连接词较少;英语中介词丰富,多达280多个,汉语中介词则较少,只有30来个;英语中经常使用代词,尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等,而汉语中代词则用得较少;因此,英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去,使译文练达晓畅。
e.g. As it is late, let us go to bed.不早啦,睡吧!
b. 修饰角度:有些词语在英语里是必不可少的,但在汉语中却并非如此,如直译成汉语则往往显得累赘噜嗦。为了使译文简洁晓畅、"文约而意丰",这样的词语必须省去或是精简。
    e.g. There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
天未下雪,但叶落草枯。
④ 转换(conversion):由于英汉两种语言在语法和表达方式等方面存在着许多差异,因此英译汉时常常有必要改变表达方式,使译文通顺流畅、地道可读。这种变通技巧就是转换法(shift of perspective)。转换的形式多种多样,大体可分为7种:词类转换,句子成分转换,表达方式转换,自然语序与倒装语序转换;正面表达与反面表达转换,主动式与被动式转换,分句转换。
   
⑤ 正说反译,反说正译(negation):
e.g. The question is above me. 这个问题我答不上来。
3. 列举中国一些翻译大家(报考的学校里有些著名的教授和他们的翻译作品)
陆谷孙,译作:美国作家欧文?肖《幼狮》,英国作家达穆里埃《蝴蝶梦》
对于学生,陆谷孙先生有着自己的期望,他说,复旦的学生应该在基础上更广博一点,学的东西更多一点,这样才能提高人文素养,实现通才的目标。现在,大家对于技术方面的知识
掌握和敏感度要远远超过他们,但不像他们那么能吃苦,那么懂得满足;而在学问上,也越来越不精细。现在,同学们在information上的地平线开阔很多,但是,是不是思想上的地平线也相应开阔了呢?陆先生强调,大学生的平民意识非常重要,这和脑子里的精神贵族不矛盾。大家还是要牢牢地扎根于grassroots。陆谷孙先生对记者说,"我的一些学生毕业后到很好的工作,进了波士顿、麦肯锡之类的大公司,很高兴地来告诉我。我对他们说,他们很快会失望的,他们不相信。但是一两年后,他们果然不快乐了。有的同学甚至回来告诉我,很后悔当时逃课,现在却没机会再听课了。去年的一次交流会上,有人给我一张纸条,上面写着:'What is your secret of success? Answer in no more than ten words.'我的回答是:'In difference to success'."
杨必《名利场》
4. 平时怎样提高自己翻译水平:
① 去译言网
② 研读名家译文
5. 是否读过翻译方面原著:
react to翻译The Theory and Practice of Translating by Eugene Nida
6. 你知道哪些翻译理论或者原则:
    Dynamic equivalence (also known as functional equivalence) attempts to convey the thought expressed in a source text (if necessary, at the expense of literalness, original word order, the source text's grammatical voice, etc.), while formal equivalence attempts to render the text word-for-word (if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the target language). The two approaches represent emphasis, respectively, on readability and on literal fidelity to the source text. There is no sharp boundary between dynamic and formal equivalence. Broadly, the two represent a spectrum of translation approaches.
Because dynamic equivalence eschews strict adherence to the grammatical structure of the original text in favor of a more natural rendering in the target language, it is sometimes used when the readability of the translation is more important than the preservation of the o
riginal grammatical structure. Thus a novel might be translated with greater use of dynamic equivalence so that it may read well, while in diplomacy or in some business settings people may insist on formal equivalence because they believe that fidelity to the grammatical structure of the language equals greater accuracy.
Formal equivalence is often more goal than reality, if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language. In such cases a more dynamic translation may be used or a neologism may be created in the target language to represent the concept (sometimes by borrowing a word from the source language).
The more the source language differs from the target language, the more difficult it may be to understand a literal translation. On the other hand, formal equivalence can sometimes allow readers familiar with the source language to see how meaning was expressed in the original text, preserving untranslated idioms, rhetorical devices (such as chiastic structures in the Hebrew Bible), and diction.
The new focus has shifted from the form to the response of the receptor. Therefore, what one must determine is the response of the receptor to the translated message. This response must then be compared with the way in which the original receptors presumably reacted to the message when it was given in the original setting.

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