This handout gives some basic examples of APA style for references in a research paper. There are many more types of resources than we have room for in this handout. For more examples and complete information, use the following resources from the APA:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association  (5 th ed.). (2001). Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association. Copies are available at the Reference and Reserve desks at Chambers Library.
<(2001,September 8). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Retrieved September 24, 2001, from /
References in the text of your paper  (See pages 120­121 and 207­214 in the manual for complete details)
APA style requires that you cite the author and publication year of a reference in the text of your paper.  One or both of these elements may be in parentheses.  Direct quotations also require the page number.  The full citation will follow in the reference list at the end of the paper.  Here are a few examples from the manual.
· Wasserstein, Zappula, Rosen, Gerstman, and Rock (1994) found…
· In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000)…
· She stated, “The ‘placebo effect’…disappeared when behaviors were studied in this
manner” (Miele, 1993, p. 276).
Reference list at the end of the paper  (See pages 215­281, 299 in the manual)
The heading on the page of sources should be “References.” Include the page number on the top, right­hand side of the page (your title page should be page 1). APA suggests your identify each page with the first two or three words from the title just to the left of the page number, although some professors may prefer you to use another identifier such as your name. Always check with your instructor for his or her preference. References should be in a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented. Double­space the entire list  (this will not be done on this handout). Alphabetize the list by first author’s last name. If there is no author given, start with the first significant word in the title. In titles, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, and proper names.
Book Citation Basic Format: Author, A. A.(Publication Year). Title.Place of publication: Publisher.
Examples from the  Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
· Multiple authors
Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future
prospects.
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
5 th Edition
· Edited book
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991).Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey­Bass.
· Article or chapter in an edited book
Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In
H.L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and
methodological issues (pp. 51­84). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
· Entry in an encyclopedia
Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
501­508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
· Book, no author or editor
Merriam­Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10 th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam­ Webster.
· Book, group author (government agency) as publisher
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991).Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra,
Australian Capital Territory: Author.
Periodical Article Citation Basic Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.  (Publication Year). Article title. Periodical Title, volume, pages.
Examples from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association · Journal article, one author, paginated by volume
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910­924.
· Journal article, journal paginated by issue, two authors
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10­36.
· Journal article, three to six authors (list each author name individually) Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040­1049.
· Journal article, more than six authors (list up to six authors, then “et al.”?) Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al.
(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory­based mother and mother­child
programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68,
843­856.
· Magazine article (for date, give month for monthly publications, month and day for weeklies)
Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113­1120.
· Newspaper article, no author
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.
· Newspaper article, discontinuous pages
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
Other Forms
· ERIC Document (Give ERIC document number in parentheses at the end or the entry) Mead, J. V. (1992).Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL­RR­92­4). East Lansing, MI:
National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document Reproduction
Service No. ED 346082)
· For other forms, for example technical reports, papers presented at meetings, translated works, volumes in a series, citations of works discussed in a secondary source, and
others, see the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Internet Site Basic Format: (See pages 231 and 268­281 in the manual)
A reference to an Internet source should include at least a document title or description, a date (either the date of publication or update or the date of retrieval), and an Internet address, or URL. Whenever possible, it should also include the author. Whenever possible, readers should be directed to specific documents rather than home pages. When a publication date is not available, use n.d. (no date).If a URL is too long for a single line, break it after a slash or before a period.
· Multipage document created by a private organization, no date
Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do!Retrieved October
5, 2000 from
· Chapter or section in an Internet document
Benton Foundation. (1998, July 7). Barriers to closing the gap. In Losing ground bit by bit: Low­income communities in the information age (chap. 2). Retrieved August 18,
2001 from /Library/Low­Income/two.html
· Stand­alone document, no author identified, no date
GVU’s 8 th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
atech.edu/gvu/user_surveys/survey­1997­10/
· U.S. government report on government agency Web site, no publication date given
United States Sentencing Commission. (n.d.).1997 sourcebook of federal sentencing statistics. Retrieved December 8, 1999, from v/annrpt/1997/
sbtoc97.htm
· Internet article based on a print source
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of
Bibliographic Research, 5,117­123.
If the format is an exact duplicate of the print version, use the same basic journal reference format, with the addition of [Electronic version] after the article title. If you believe it may differ from the print version, add the retrieval date and URL: Retrieved October 13, 2001, from /articles.html
· Article in an Internet­only journal
reaction to a book or an article
Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well­being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000,
from /prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html · Article from an aggregated database (An item or accession number may be added (in parentheses at the end of the retrieval statement) but is not required.)
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White. L. A. (1993).
Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 78, 443­449. Retrieved October 23, 2000 from PsycARTICLES
database.
Web Citations in Text
Follow the author/date format as for written sources (see pages 120­121 and 207­214 in the Publication Manual). For electronic sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if available, preceded by the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation “para.” If neither page nor paragraph numbers are visible, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it to direct the reader to the location of the material.
(Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
Additional Sources for Citation and Style Help
Lipson, C. (2006).Cite right: a quick guide to citation styles. Chicago: U of Chicago Press. Troyka, L. & Hesse, D. (2005).Simon & Schuster handbook for writers (7th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
APA Title Page
Your title page should have the following:
· In the upper right header, it should have the page header and page number.  The page header is usually the first two or three words of the title.  Put about 5 spaces or .25­inch between your page header and your page number.
· On the top left below the header, it should have the “Running head” or abbreviated title, which should not exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation.  The running head is typed in ALL UPPERCASE.
· Beginning in the upper half of the page, it should have the title of your paper, centered.  On the next line, it should have your name (the author).  If the paper was a joint project, all contributors should be listed here.  The next line has your university affiliation.  All lines should be double­spaced.
See pages 296­298 in the manual for complete details.
*Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers (7 th ed) recommends the following in place of your university affiliation:  where you would have typed your university affiliation, type your course title and s
ection.  On the following line, type the professor’s name.  On the last line, type the date. It also does not mention using the running head on the title page. See pages 643­658 for formatting instructions and examples. Always check with your instructor for his or her preferences.
Example from Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers (not to scale), Example from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (not to scale)
Biological Clocks 1
Biological Clocks:
The Body’s Internal Timepieces
Carlos Velez
Introduction to Psychology 115, Section P1
Professor Robert Schmitt
November 17,2003
Individual Differences    1 Running head:  INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN BIMODAL PROCESSES
Individual Differences in
Bimodal Processing and Text Recall
Bruce R. Dunn and Kate I. Rush
University of West Florida

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